Characteristics Of Chicago Gang Gangs - 988 Words

One of the key – sacred, in some instances – characteristics of Chicago’s gangs of the 1920 was the division across ethnic lines. In other words, representatives of the same ethnic group stuck together and frowned upon the inclusion of outsiders into their gangs. Of course, larger gangs were often multiethnic, but their core was predominantly monoethnic. The same tendency prevailed across the country, as gangs in New York and Philadelphia were also increasingly homogenous. Asian triads, Italian mafia, Irish and Jewish gangs were all incestuous organizations with ethnically homogenous core. Thus, Johnny Torrio and Al Capone’s Chicago Outfit was an Italian American gang. Their rivals, the North Side Gang, were primarily individuals of Irish descent. Westside O’Donnells and Southside O’Donnells also comprised mobsters who were most often of Irish origin. Hence, most gangs were based on the perceived bonds of ethnic loyalty or on the assumption that compatriots would not sell out. This perceived truth was inculcated in the children of immigrants since childhood by their relatives and peers alike. Fisher explains that not only street gangs but also such seemingly innocuous associations as social athletic clubs in Chicago of the early 20th century were divided across ethnic lines. Neighborhood identity fueled this insularism, as ethnically diverse children groups from different neighborhoods engaged in melees with others, with the most common confrontations unfolding betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Geography and Social Networks on Gang Violence1520 Words   |  7 PagesGang violence is becoming a known threat in our country. Gang violence is defined as a group of people by repetitive socializing individuals or close friends with recognizable influence and inner coordination. These gangs will claim full control over a region in a community, town, or specific area which will lead to the involvement of violent crimes and unlawful behavior as a group or even by oneself. Since these gangs are increasing in size in communities, citizens of certain areas are beginningRead MoreViolence And Culture : A Cross Cultural And Interdisciplinary Approach By Jack David Eller1208 Words   |  5 Pagesviolence in one way or another. In the book Violence and Culture: A Cross-Cultural and Interdisciplinary Approach by Jack David Eller, the author discusses violence in American society in one of his chapters. In this chapter, he mentions some social characteristics that represents and plays a role in violence in America. The three of the four that will be discussed are gender, race, and youth. We will also notice how these four concepts often intersect with one another. This essay will prove how gender,Read MoreG angs Have A Long Negative History Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesGangs have a long negative history. Usually joining a gang is a bad thing to do. Well depending what kind of gang it is, but most of the time it’s been viewed like a violent or a rebellion act. Gangs have had an impact in society for a long time in many different places in the world, and there are a lot of types of gangs. They impact society by increasing the rates of murders, school drop outs, and drug and alcohol abuse. There are many reasons why people join gangs. Some people might join a gangRead MoreThe Role Of Gangs On The Criminal Justice System1587 Words   |  7 PagesBrendan O’Callaghan 2/24/16 Juvenile Justice Gangs Assessed Juveniles’ participation in gangs is an ongoing issue continuing to face the Unites States of America’s criminal justice system in modern society. The first active gangs to appear within Western society were inscribed by a respected chronicler of crime in Britain 1873. Gangs first emerged into American society around 1783 as the American Revolution drew to a close. More serious street gangs, however, did not surface until the early partRead MoreSummary Of Policing Gangs In America1318 Words   |  6 PagesPolicing Gangs in America Ryne Kisslan October 7, 2017 Gangs Professor Nuno In Policing Gangs in America, Charles Katz and Vincent Webb describes every issue in American Gangs today. The ultimate goal of this book is how the gang officers work and the different kind of atmosphere they work in. Their job isn’t like other law enforcement jobs. It’s one of the more dangerous occupation in the Criminal Justice system. These gang officers focus on how they react to public gang issues.Read MoreA Research Study On An Imaginary Team Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagespotential estimates- who are the potential ex-gang members. After the weekly reading, we can already construct a picture of the process, based, as always, on several factors, such as :race, age, gender. , which are known to us from the reading but also through the asked question. Now, we have several answers, as: our selected simple is consistent from the white males gang members of 20-25 yo, from the city of Chicago, who will decide on their gang s membership desistence. From Pyros (2013)Read MoreDelinquent Youth Subcultures1636 Words   |  7 Pagesaspects is challenging. A large amount criminal behavior of exceedingly criminal gangs, for instance, fallouts from the function of group courses rather than group standards per se. The normative characteristics of groups differ significantly, but even the most aberrant gang dedicates comparatively modest of its group life to the chase delinquent behaviors. Moreover, when gangs do take part in delinquent events, a few gang members characteristically do not get involved. Subcultures usually compriseRead MorePersonal Perception of Organized Crime787 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsible for the foundations of U.S. organized crime, which is made up of twenty-five or so Italian-dominated crime families (Lyman and Potter, 2007). Al Capone Alphonse Gabriel Al Capone born January 17, 1899, died January 25, 1947, was a Chicago American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate. Prohibition-era was when in the United States, from 1919 and 1933, the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages banned because of the 18th Amendment. This group was committedRead More Innocent Children, Violent Gangs Essay examples1169 Words   |  5 PagesInnocent Children, Violent Gangs      Ã‚   18, 059 violent felonies, 690 deaths, and 13,000 hard-core killers. What is the horrible cause of these striking statistics? Gangs. Gangs are a problem in nearly every state and 83 percent of the largest cities in the United States. The problem of gangs and their negative impact on the communities they exist in continues to grow and nothing seems to be able to stop this powerful growth. Gangs not only exist in just inner cities anymore, but in townsRead MoreAnalysis Of Melvin Juette And Ronald J. Bergers Wheelchair Warrior1630 Words   |  7 Pagesbook, â€Å"Wheelchair Warrior,† by Melvin Juette and Ronald J. Berger, conveys how a positive mindset, self-efficacy, and support from family and friends are essential when trying to get through difficult times. Juette uses these characteristics as he transforms from being a gang member to being a world-class national athlete. The life story of Juette, contributes to the understanding of sport and society, reveals th e American notion of social differences, and portrays sport in similar ways compared to

What Really Caused The Nullification Crisis Of The South...

During the late 1820s, John C. Calhoun believed that the tariff of 1816 was responsible for the decline of the South Carolina economy. Calhoun believed that if he developed the Theory of Nullification people in his home state would view him differently. The Theory of Nullification is the idea that states (unions) have the rights to void any law that is created by the government that is seen unconstitutional. States are the foundation of the Union, so they have the power to refuse any unconstitutional laws, and really states usually have the final say. What really caused the Nullification Crisis were many series of Protective Tariffs. Protective Tariffs are taxes placed on imported goods that are from foreign countries and their duty is to raise the price of foreign goods, making them less attractive to consumers protecting them from foreign competition such as; The Tariff of 1816 that placed a 20-25 percent tax on foreign goods, The Tariff of 1824 which placed a 35 percent duty tax on imported iron, wool, hemp, and cotton, finally the Tariff of 1828 which is also known as the Tariff of Abominations it was the third protective tariff and increased taxes to almost 50 percent. European factories during 1816 were far more experienced and with that great capability American factories couldn’t compare because their factories were new, and with that major difference in prices America couldn’t compare to the Europeans. The government then decided that they should make the firstShow MoreRelatedWhat Really Caused The Nullification Crisis Of The South Carolina Economy990 Words   |  4 Pagesthe South Carolina economy. Calhoun believed that if he developed the Theory of Nullification people in his home state would view him differently. The Theory of Nullification is the idea that states (unions) have the rights to void any law that is created by the government that is seen unconstitutional. States are the foundation of the Union, so they have the power to refuse any unconstitutional laws, and really states usually have the final say. What really caused the Nullification Crisis wereRead MoreThe American Civil War1654 Words   |  7 Pagestrying to figure out what caused the bloodiest war in American history. What would cause brother to fight against brother? Could it be the Emancipation Proclamation, which was an executive order given by President Lincoln that freed the slaves in the states that had seceded. Was it the election of Abraham Lincoln in November of 1860 trigger the desire to secede from the nation? Or was it the tariffs, such as the tariff of 1816 and the Tariff of Abomination, which caused the South, thought they wereRead MoreAndrew Jackson : The Second President Of The United States Of America1733 Words   |  7 Pages Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States of America, brave, tough, and mean as a snake but how did he get that way? He was born in South Carolina to his newly emigrated family. His father died soon after he was born, so his mother raised three kids by herself and some Irish immigrant farmers. When he was thirteen he and his brothers joined the Revolutionary war to fight the British. His oldest brother died in battle, but Jackson and his other brother were captured. JacksonRead MoreApush Essay -- in What Ways and to What Extent Was Industrial Development from 1800-1860 a Factor in the Relationship Between the Northern and Southern State?1434 Words   |  6 Pagesthe South in hugely different ways. The prominent differences eventually caused an amazing amount of tension between the two regions as they moved in completely separate directions. Mainly, the North and the South differentiated when it came to cultures, economies, and political views. With the dawn of the 19th century, there were three revolutions that completely altered the United States. The Market Revolution was the shift from mercantile system of trading centers to a capitalist economy, basedRead MoreAmerica s Independence Of Independence Essay2128 Words   |  9 Pagesmaking it the first diplomatic alliance in history (pg.246). The war began to move south during Sir William Howe was replaced with Sir Henry Clinton who was ordered to prepare to set an attack on Carolina and Georgia. With the support from loyalist, runaway slaves, and Cherokee the British were able to easily invaded and conquer Georgia along with Savannah. The British army was also able to conquer South Carolina with the help of two British generals Cornwallis and Clinton they were able to surroundRead MorePresidential Outline of Andrew Jackson2515 Words   |  11 Pagesfamous because of the results of the friendship between the US and Native Americans afterwards. I. South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832) – As United States started to become more and more industrialized, they soon passed a highly protective tariff that infuriated the Southern States, South Carolina in particular. They felt that it benefitted the North and destroyed the South. This tariff benefitted American producers of cloth. It also shrunk demand for southern cotton, makingRead MoreHamilton vs. Jefferson: Political Philosophies of the 1800s1120 Words   |  5 Pagesinsurrection.† In Hamilton’s mind, strengthening the central government would ensure freedom for every American citizen by uniting the people to think and speak with a single voice. Hamilton had witnessed firsthand the political and economic confusion caused by states’ conflicting interests and corrupt taxation policies under the Articles of Confederation. He realized that the only way for the Union to survive and prosper was for the Federal government to take control of the country’s political and economicRead MoreThe War Of 18123664 Words   |  15 Pagessocial life. 4.Non-Intercourse Act, Macon’s Bill No.2 Thomas Jefferson replaced the Embargo Act with Non-intercourse Act by forbidding the trade between the US and Britain and France in order to harm the economies of foreign nations as a punishment for impressment. This ended up harming the US economy more because they had less resources for their exports. Macon’s Bill No.2 followed this law and revised the Non-Intercourse Act to further the plan of economic warfare, so if either country took over theRead MoreAn Agitated Presidency : What Really Influenced Andrew Jackson s Notorious Term? Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesAn Agitated Presidency: What Really Influenced Andrew Jackson’s Notorious Term? When one thinks about the tile of First Lady of the United States, images of Jackie Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson, and Michelle Obama begin to materialize. In today’s world, the title can be associated with the President’s wife working eloquently towards the good will of the United States either through social services, community service, and even through getting children active within our schools. Additionally, the FirstRead MoreBiography of President Andrew Jackson Essay2828 Words   |  12 Pageshistorically and while he was the leader of the country. Like many Americans during the time he was born, Andrew Jackson was born to Scottish and Irish immigrant parents on March 15, 1767. It is unclear for certain which, but Jackson was born in one of the Carolinas, which at the time were British colonies. Jackson was raised as a child of the frontier, and likewise received the type of sporadic education that most children got at the time, with formal primary education being y ears away. Jackson would become What Really Caused The Nullification Crisis Of The South... During the late 1820s, John C. Calhoun believed that the tariff of 1816 was responsible for the decline of the South Carolina economy. Calhoun believed that if he developed the Theory of Nullification people in his home state would view him differently. The Theory of Nullification is the idea that states (unions) have the rights to void any law that is created by the government that is seen unconstitutional. States are the foundation of the Union, so they have the power to refuse any unconstitutional laws, and really states usually have the final say. What really caused the Nullification Crisis were many series of Protective Tariffs. Protective Tariffs are taxes placed on imported goods that are from foreign countries and their duty is to raise the price of foreign goods, making them less attractive to consumers protecting them from foreign competition such as; The Tariff of 1816 that placed a 20-25 percent tax on foreign goods, The Tariff of 1824 which placed a 35 percent duty on i mported iron, wool, hemp, and cotton, finally the Tariff of 1828 which is also known as the Tariff of Abominations it was the third protective tariff and increased taxes to almost 50 percent. European factories during 1816 were far more experienced and with that great capability American factories couldn’t compare because their factories were new, and with that major difference in prices America couldn’t compare to the Europeans. The government then decided that they should make the firstShow MoreRelatedWhat Really Caused The Nullification Crisis Of The South Carolina Economy1238 Words   |  5 Pagesthe South Carolina economy. Calhoun believed that if he developed the Theory of Nullification people in his home state would view him differently. The Theory of Nullification is the idea that states (unions) have the rights to void any law that is created by the government that is seen unconstitutional. States are the foundation of the Union, so they have the power to re fuse any unconstitutional laws, and really states usually have the final say. What really caused the Nullification Crisis wereRead MoreThe American Civil War1654 Words   |  7 Pagestrying to figure out what caused the bloodiest war in American history. What would cause brother to fight against brother? Could it be the Emancipation Proclamation, which was an executive order given by President Lincoln that freed the slaves in the states that had seceded. Was it the election of Abraham Lincoln in November of 1860 trigger the desire to secede from the nation? Or was it the tariffs, such as the tariff of 1816 and the Tariff of Abomination, which caused the South, thought they wereRead MoreAndrew Jackson : The Second President Of The United States Of America1733 Words   |  7 Pages Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States of America, brave, tough, and mean as a snake but how did he get that way? He was born in South Carolina to his newly emigrated family. His father died soon after he was born, so his mother raised three kids by herself and some Irish immigrant farmers. When he was thirteen he and his brothers joined the Revolutionary war to fight the British. His oldest brother died in battle, but Jackson and his other brother were captured. JacksonRead MoreApush Essay -- in What Ways and to What Extent Was Industrial Development from 1800-1860 a Factor in the Relationship Between the Northern and Southern State?1434 Words   |  6 Pagesthe South in hugely different ways. The prominent differences eventually caused an amazing amount of tension between the two regions as they moved in completely separate directions. Mainly, the North and the South differentiated when it came to cultures, economies, and political views. With the dawn of the 19th century, there were three revolutions that completely altered the United States. The Market Revolution was the shift from mercantile system of trading centers to a capitalist economy, basedRead MoreAmerica s Independence Of Independence Essay2128 Words   |  9 Pagesmaking it the first diplomatic alliance in history (pg.246). The war began to move south during Sir William Howe was replaced with Sir Henry Clinton who was ordered to prepare to set an attack on Carolina and Georgia. With the support from loyalist, runaway slaves, and Cherokee the British were able to easily invaded and conquer Georgia along with Savannah. The British army was also able to conquer South Carolina with the help of two British generals Cornwallis and Clinton they were able to surroundRead MorePresidential Outline of Andrew Jackson2515 Words   |  11 Pagesfamous because of the results of the friendship between the US and Native Americans afterwards. I. South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832) – As United States started to become more and more industrialized, they soon passed a highly protective tariff that infuriated the Southern States, South Carolina in particular. They felt that it benefitted the North and destroyed the South. This tariff benefitted American producers of cloth. It also shrunk demand for southern cotton, makingRead MoreHamilton vs. Jefferson: Political Philosophies of the 1800s1120 Words   |  5 Pagesinsurrection.† In Hamilton’s mind, strengthening the central government would ensure freedom for every American citizen by uniting the people to think and speak with a single voice. Hamilton had witnessed firsthand the political and economic confusion caused by states’ conflicting interests and corrupt taxation policies under the Articles of Confederation. He realized that the only way for the Union to survive and prosper was for the Federal government to take control of the country’s political and economicRead MoreThe War Of 18123664 Words   |  15 Pagessocial life. 4.Non-Intercourse Act, Macon’s Bill No.2 Thomas Jefferson replaced the Embargo Act with Non-intercourse Act by forbidding the trade between the US and Britain and France in order to harm the economies of foreign nations as a punishment for impressment. This ended up harming the US economy more because they had less resources for their exports. Macon’s Bill No.2 followed this law and revised the Non-Intercourse Act to further the plan of economic warfare, so if either country took over theRead MoreAn Agitated Presidency : What Really Influenced Andrew Jackson s Notorious Term? Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesAn Agitated Presidency: What Really Influenced Andrew Jackson’s Notorious Term? When one thinks about the tile of First Lady of the United States, images of Jackie Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson, and Michelle Obama begin to materialize. In today’s world, the title can be associated with the President’s wife working eloquently towards the good will of the United States either through social services, community service, and even through getting children active within our schools. Additionally, the FirstRead MoreBiography of President Andrew Jackson Essay2828 Words   |  12 Pageshistorically and while he was the leader of the country. Like many Americans during the time he was born, Andrew Jackson was born to Scottish and Irish immigrant parents on March 15, 1767. It is unclear for certain which, but Jackson was born in one of the Carolinas, which at the time were British colonies. Jackson was raised as a child of the frontier, and likewise received the type of sporadic education that most children got at the time, with formal primary education being y ears away. Jackson would become

Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry Free Essays

string(31) " can discover from his poetry\." Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry The influence of Christianity came to England from Ireland with the arrival of St. Augustine’mission. The ancient vernacular poetry unredeemed in its worldliness and paganism was sanctified by the Christianization of England. We will write a custom essay sample on Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry or any similar topic only for you Order Now In consequence there was a marked change in the content and emotion of English poetry while leaving it form and general technique unaltered. Instead of seeking themes common to old-Germanic the Christianized Anglo-Saxons adopted a new world of Latin Christianity along with themes and attitudes common to entire Christian world. This enabled the Anglo-Saxon poets to work on Biblical stories, associating them with Hebrew imagination. The special class of poetry which is called Christian poetry and this religious poetry flourished in about the 8th century in North England. Alliterative verse came to the aid of clerkly Latin to give expression of the faith of the Laity and make it popular. The subject of the poet’s song is now the story of Christ and the deeds of saintly heroes. Caedmon The English poet who took the first attempt to write poems on Christian themes was Caedmon. What scholars know of Caedmon’s life comes from Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People. He is known best during the time fl. 658-680 AD. , and Bede tells us that he was an illiterate herdsman to a monastery of Whitby who one night in a dream learned how to sing beautiful Christian verses praising God’s name. Following his dream, Caedmon became the foremost Christian poets. Earlier he had so little gift of song that he used to leave the feast when he found the harp approaching him he used to leave the feast. One night as he lay asleep in the stable a mysterious being appeared to him in his dreams and commanded him to sing. At his bidding Caedmon at once sang in praise of the Lord, the Creator, verses which he had never heard before. When he awoke he remembered these verses and made others like them. Thus the unlettered Caedmon was miraculously transformed into the first religious poet of England. Caedmon is remembered today for his poetic paraphrases of The Bible. He paraphrased in verse the book of Geneis, Exodus, Daniel and Judith. He is supposed to have sung about  creation of the world, the origin of man, his reign, of exodus, the incarnation, the crucifixion, the resurrection of Christ, the ascension of Christ into heaven, the advent of the Holy Ghost and the teaching of the apostles. He also sang of future judgement, the horrors of hell and the joys of heaven. Research and scholarship however, no longer admit all the poems attributed to Caedmon by Bede to be directly his work excepting the nine-lined poem quoted by Bede in his account of Caedmon’s first inspiration. Genesis A and B The most interesting of the poems in the Junius Manuscript is Genesis. Genesis A of 3000 lines is an account of Satan’s rebellion against God and his fall with the angels into Hell, narrating the substance of the first 22 chapters of the Biblical book of Genesis. The poem contains an interpolated passage of 600 lines strikingly different in language and style from the main body of the poem. This has been named Genesis B, a rudimentary Paradise Lost, describing the temptation of Adam and Eve, their Fall and Satan’s rebellion Exodus It relates to the escape of the Israelites and the destruction of the Egyptians in the Red Sea. It is boldly and vigorously written and has an older Epic note. It is written more in the convention of heroic poetry rather than scriptural lore. Exodus brings a traditional â€Å"heroic style† to its biblical subject-matter. Moses is treated as a general, and military imagery pervades the battle scenes. The destruction of the Egyptians in the Red Sea is narrated in much the same way as a formulaic battle scene from other Old English poems Daniel Daniel, as it is preserved, is 764 lines long. There have been numerous arguments that there was originally more to this poem than survives today. It is a paraphrase of the first five chapters of the Biblical book of Daniel. The poet uses his materials for homiletic purposes and tries to inculcate such Christian virtue. The primary focus of the Old English author was that of The Three Youths, Daniel and their encounters with the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II. Prosaic in tone, it also bears an interpolatory passage relating to the poem of Azariah. Judith The finest of the poem attributed to Caedmon is Judith of which a fragment of 350 lines, survive. It is a perfect poem full of action and passion. The Old English poem â€Å"Judith† describes the beheading of Assyrian general Holofernes by Israelite Judith of Bethulia. It is found in the same manuscript as the heroic poem Beowulf, the Nowell Codex, dated ca. 975-1025. The Old English poem is one of many retellings of the Holofernes-Judith tale as it was found in the Book of Judith, still present in the Catholic and Orthodox Christian Bibles. What is certain about the origin of the poem is that it stems from the Book of Judith. After the Reformation, the Book of Judith was removed from the Protestant Bible. However, it is still present in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles. Similar to Beowulf, Judith conveys a moral tale of heroic triumph over monstrous beings. Both moral and political, the poem tells of a brave woman’s efforts to save and protect her people. Judith is depicted as an exemplar woman, grounded by ideal morale, probity, courage, and religious conviction. Judith’s character is rendered blameless and virtuous, and her beauty is praised persistently throughout the poem. Cynaewulf Beside Caedmon, the other most important Old-English religious poet is Cynaewulf. Cynewulf lived roughly c.770-840 AD, yet very little is known about his life. The only information scholars have on Cynewulf’s life is what they can discover from his poetry. You read "Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry" in category "Papers" Two of Cynewulf’s signed poems were discovered in the Vercelli Book, which includes Cynewulf’s holy cross poem â€Å"Elene† as well as Dream of the Rood. Where many scholars will argue that all of the poems in the Vercelli are in fact Cynewulf’s, the noted German scholar Franz Dietrich demonstrates that the similarities between Cynewulf’s â€Å"Elene† and The Dream of the Rood reveals that the two must have been authored by the same individual. The four poems attributed to him trough his runic signatures are Christ. Juliana, Elene and The Fate of the Apostles. Unsigned poems attributed to him or his school are Andreas, St. Guthlac, The Phoenix, The Dream of the Rood. The four poems, like a substantial portion of Anglo-Saxon poetry, are sculpted in alliterative verse. All four poems draw upon Latin sources such as homilies and hagiographies (the lives of saints) for their content, and this is to be particularly contrasted to other Old English poems, e. g. Genesis, Exodus, and Daniel, which are drawn directly from the Bible as opposed to secondary accounts. Christ Of all his works the most important and popular poem is Christ, a fragmentary didactic poem in three parts – the first celebrating the Nativity, the second Ascension and the third Doomsday, narrating the torments of the wicked and the joys of the redeemed. Andreas and Guthlac These are poems related to lives of Saints. The first narrates the story of the adventures and sufferings and success of St. Andreas in his travels related to missionary work. Juliana and Elene These are legendary stories of St. Juliana and the discovery of the True Cross by the mother of Emperor Constantine, St. Helena. They are poems with little artistic merit except for their adventurous element and the rareness in Anglo-Saxon poetry of being dedicated to women. In terms of length, Elene is by far the longest poem of Cynewulf’s corpus at 1,321 lines. It is followed by Juliana, at 731 lines, Christ II, at 427 lines, and The Fates of the Apostles, at a brisk 122 lines. Three of the poems are â€Å"martyrolical,† in that the central character(s) in each die/suffer for their religious values. In Elene, Saint Helena endures her quest to find the Holy Cross and spread Christianity; in Juliana, the title character dies after she refuses to marry a pagan man, thus retaining her Christian integrity; in Fates of the Apostles, the speaker creates a song that meditates on the deaths of the apostles which they â€Å"joyously faced. † Elene and Juliana fit in the category of poems that depict the lives of saints. These two poems along with Andreas and Guthlac (parts A and B) constitute the only versified saints’ legends in the Old English vernacular. The Ascension (Christ II) is outside the umbrella of the other three works, and is a vehement description of a devotional subject. The exact chronology of the poems is not known. One argument asserts that Elene is likely the last of the poems because the â€Å"autobiographical† epilogue implies that Cynewulf is old at the time of composition, but this view has been doubted. Nevertheless, it seems that Christ II and Elene represent the cusp of Cynewulf’s career, while Juliana and Fates of the Apostles seem to be created by a less inspired, and perhaps less mature, poet. The Fates of the Apostles It deals with the various Christian Gospels in an Elegiac manner. It is the shortest of Cynewulf’s known canon at 122 lines long. It is a brief martyrology of the Twelve Apostles written in the standard alliterative verse. The Fates recites the key events that subsequently befell each apostle after the Ascension. It is possible that The Fates was composed as a learning aid to the monasteries. Cynewulf speaks in the first-person throughout the poem, and besides explaining the fate of each disciple, he provides â€Å"advice† and â€Å"consolation† to the reader. Cynewulf’s runic signature is scrambled in this poem so that the meaning of the runes become a riddle with no unequivocal meaning. Runic signature All four of Cynewulf’s poems contain passages where the letters of the poet’s name are woven into the text using runic symbols that also double as meaningful ideas pertinent to the text. In Juliana and Elene, the interwoven name is spelled in the more recognizable form as Cynewulf, while in Fates and Christ II it is observed without the medial e so the runic acrostic says Cynwulf. The practice of claiming authorship over one’s poems was a break from the tradition of the anonymous poet, where no composition was viewed as being owned by its creator. Cynewulf devised a tradition where authorship would connote ownership of the piece and an originality that would be respected by future generations. Furthermore, by integrating his name, Cynewulf was attempting to retain the structure and form of his poetry that would â€Å"undergo mutations† otherwise. From a different perspective, Cynewulf’s intent may not have been to claim authorship, but to â€Å"seek the prayers of others for the safety of his soul.† It is contended that Cynewulf wished to be remembered in the prayers of his audience in return for the pleasure they would derive from his poems. In a sense his expectation of a spiritual reward can be contrasted with the material reward that other poets of his time would have expected for their craft. The Phoenix The poem is about a mythical bird which burnt itself to be reborn from its own ashes, symbolic of Christian soul. The Dream of the Rood The poem is set up with the narrator having a dream. In this dream or vision he is speaking to the Cross on which Jesus was crucified. The poem itself is divided up into three separate sections. In section one, the narrator has a vision of the Cross. Initially when the dreamer sees the Cross, he notes how it is covered with gems. He is aware of how wretched he is compared to how glorious the tree is. However, he comes to see that amidst the beautiful stones it is stained with blood In section two, the Cross shares its account of Jesus’ death. The Crucifixion story is told from the perspective of the Cross. It begins with the enemy coming to cut the tree down and carrying it away. The tree learns that it is to be the bearer of a criminal, but instead the Christ comes to be crucified. The Lord and the Cross become one, and they stand together as victors, refusing to fall, taking on insurmountable pain for the sake of mankind. It is not just Christ, but the Cross as well that is pierced with nails. The Rood and Christ are one in the portrayal of the Passion—they are both pierced with nails, mocked and tortured. Then, just like with Christ, the Cross is resurrected, and adorned with gold and silver. It is honored above all trees just as Jesus is honored above all men. The Cross then charges the visionary to share all that he has seen with others. In section three, the author gives his reflections about this vision. The vision ends, and the man is left with his thoughts. He gives praise to God for what he has seen and is filled with hope for eternal life and his desire to once again be near the glorious Cross. It is the finest of religious poems in OE, the finest narrative of the Passion in medieval verse (late 7th century, later modified; preserved in the Vercelli Book). The tree of which the Cross was made relates the story the first English dream-poem How to cite Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry, Papers

Encounters and Transformations Volume free essay sample

Objective: What is the link between food-producing revolution of the Neolithic era and the emergence of civilization? (The shift from hunting and gathering to farming and herding because it changed the way humans organized society. ) Neolithic Age: The New Stone Age (10,000-3,000 B. C. ), characterized by the development of agriculture and the use of stone tools. How do shifts in food production impact other cultural changes in a society? (It shifts the way human societies are organized. ) The Fertile Crescent was home to the world’s first farming communities. The shift from hunting and gathering to farming and herding brought a corresponding shift in human social organization. As a result of this Neolithic Revolution, the world’s first civilizations developed. Mesopotamia: Land between the Tigris Euphrates Rivers. Shifts humans from being nomadic and following migratory patterns to more stable and permanent habits. They constructed buildings of Religious and State establishments. We will write a custom essay sample on Encounters and Transformations Volume or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The act of domestication creates roles for humans (Jobs! ). Domesticating animals means humans no longer follow them, and instead use them as a function of economics (barter, labor, etc.) What gave rise to the first writing system? (The need to record information, such as business and government transactions of present and past events. ) Cuneiform: The style of writing that involved using clay tabled and reeds. Cuneiform developed first as a pictorial writing system. The earliest written records track business and tax transactions. Cuneiform was used for three thousand years, dying out in the Second Century, B. C. Cuneiform was deciphered with the aid of the Behistun inscriptions. Shifts from pictorial writing system to abstract alphabet. Checklist for Civilization: Cities Warfare Writing Social Hierarchies Advanced Arts Crafts Culture: The knowledge and adaptive behavior created by communities that help them to mediate between themselves and the natural world through time. Civilization: The term used by archaeologists to describe a society differentiated by levels of wealth and power, and in which military, religious, economic, and political control are based in cities. Early Europeans did not develop to meet the civilization checklist: Cities Warfare Social Hierarchies Writing Arts and Crafts Developed Civilizations included India, China, Central Asia, and Peru. Western Civilization developed out of Egypt and Southwest Asia. Homo sapiens sapiens: â€Å"most intelligent people†; applied to physically and intellectually modern human beings that first appeared in Africa 200,000-100,000 years ago. Southwest Asia: First food producing communities Levantine Corridor (Fertile Crescent) Zagros Mountains in Mesopotamia Anatolia (Turkey) Levantine Corridor: 25 mile strip that runs from the Jordan River Valley (modern Israel and Palestine) to Euphrates River Valley (Iraq). Levant: Eastern Mediterranean coastal region. â€Å"The Rising Sun† (French); Territory to the east, where the sun rises. Division of labor along gender lines indicates a growing complexity of social relations within the community. Fertility Death are the main concerns of ancient societies. Catal Huyuk: Anatolian town, 6,000 people. Wealthy community that relied heavily on trade in obsidian, a volcanic stone that would be used to make sharp-edged tools. The ritual of burying the dead with jewels signified a distinction between the rich and the poor. Early Europeans farmed range of crops and herded domesticated animals. They lived in clusters of permanent family farmsteads. Technology Shifts: Metallurgy (Art using fire to shape metal) The Plow Long distant networks evolved and provided basis for meeting and blending of different groups of peoples and different cultural assumptions and ideas. Technology and Wealth caused divisions between the rich and poor. Megalith: Communicable tombs with huge stones (such as Stonehenge in England). Three Possible Uses for Megaliths: Measure movement of stars. Place for religious ceremonies. Devoted to healing ceremonies.