The Island of Palm - USA and Netherland Case Study

The Island of Palm - USA and Netherland - Case Study Example United States came to know about their consideration when a functionary of United States travelled to the Island of Palmas, in 1906. As the island had already been ceded to the United States by Spain based on which the United States laid claim over reign over the island. This was informed to the Netherlands by the United States so as to solve the case diplomatically through mutual agreement. However, the island had been possessed by Netherlands for more than 200 years which led the the Dutch Government to claim sovereignty over the island. Netherlands was informed about the Treaty of Paris in 1899 but that could not let the country to observe the boundary line of the Philippines. The United States and the Netherlands submitted the claims regarding the issue of possession of the island to the Permanent Court of Arbitration as both the parties could not reach to an agreement bilaterally (The Island of Palmas, The Hague Justice Portal). For the arbitration of the case submitted, the Swi ss Lawyer, Max Huber was appointed with the agreement of both the countries.2 This paper critically analyses the claims laid by the parties, the proceedings of the case and the decision of arbitrator regarding which state owns the Island of Palms territory. The United States laid claim over sovereignty of the island through legitimate treaties as being the country which was ceded the island from its discoverer that is Spain. Whereas, Netherlands claimed that there is still no evidence of discovery or any other kind of possession of island by Spain. Since Netherlands have exercised the sovereignty over the island since year 1677, so even if Spain had acquired a title of ownership by discovering the island, such title has essentially been lost. The claim laid by the United States was based on cession of the island by the one who first saw the island and

Pharmaceutical Treatment Options for Myasthenia Gravis Article

Pharmaceutical Treatment Options for Myasthenia Gravis - Article Example The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) has the distinction of being the first site of a defined autoantibody mediated neurological disease, namely myasthenia gravis (MG), which is due to autoantibodies to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) (Vincent, 2002). Other targets at the NMJ include muscle specific kinase (MuSK) in MG patients without AChR antibodies. About 20% of MG patients with generalized disease in Europe, North America and Japan do not have AChR antibodies. These so called 'seronegative' MG patients can be divided into two groups: those with antibodies to MuSK and those without [AChR/MuSK seronegative MG (SN-MG) (Hoch etal, 2001). In normal neuromuscular transmission depolarization of the presynaptic nerve terminal produces an influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels. Vesicles containing acetylcholine (ACh) then fuse with the presynaptic nerve terminal membrane. After release, ACh interacts with the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) on the muscle endplate surface. This opens the AChR channel, resulting in an influx of cations, largely sodium. Depolarization of the muscle surface produces an excitatory endplate potential, and if the endplate potential is of sufficient amplitude, muscle surface voltage-gated sodium channels are opened. This generates an action potential that eventually results in excitation-contraction coupling and muscle movement. ACh binds transiently to its receptor and then either diffuses from the neuromuscular junction or is hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), providing a self-limited response to nerve depolarization. In MG, antibodies are directed against the acetylcholine receptors (AChR antibodies). AChR antibodies interfere with neuromuscular transmission through one of three mechanisms- First, some bind to the AChR cholinergic binding site, blocking the binding of ACh. Second, some AChR antibodies cross-link muscle surface AChRs, increasing their rate of internalization into muscle and reducing the numbers of available AChRs. Third, and perhaps most importantly, AChR antibodies that bind complement result in destruction of the muscle endplate, and a more long-lasting loss of AChRs. Drugs like acetylcholinestrase inhibitors nhibits AChE, increasing the amount of ACh available to interact with available AChRs, thus prolonging the action of Ach, and allowing muscle contraction. Pharmacological treatment Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are the first pharmacological choice in the treatment of MG. Acetylcholinesterase is an acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzyme which binds the overflowing acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction, keeping the junction clean from excessive transmitter. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors bind to the acetylcholinesterase, inhibiting its action. Pyridostigmine is a more recent long-acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors increase the amount of available acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction. This leads to enhanced binding of acetylcholine to the diminished number of AChRs on the myasthenic muscle cell membrane, causing contractility improvement (Millard and Broom field, 1995) When additional pharmacological tre

Asks you to research and write up a case study. You must demonstrate Essay

Asks you to research and write up a case study. You must demonstrate relevant academic research and consult your seminar or modu - Essay Example Although the media has helped a lot in connecting the entire globe, there are also huge instances of media violence, which is crippling the entire nation and thus creating moral panics. Going by the social cognitive theory, which takes into account behavioral factors, personal and environmental influences on young minds. The effect of media falls under the non-endogenous environmental factors, which essentially work through observational pattern of learning. Personal factors include one’s wishes and understanding of the self, beliefs and motivations while behavioral factors comprise of the actions of an individual acquired from previous interactions. These three aspects interact with one another with the help of an occurrence called reciprocal determinism (Kirsh, 2009, p.34). In topical times, the different forms of entertainment and media including video games and the Internet render sufficient opportunities to the young population for gaining knowledge through observation. M oreover there are instances about the effects that are being summoned upon the children and adults for high aggression and aggressive modes of behavior when they are exposed to violent senses and images. The main idea in this paper is to portray the way in which â€Å"violence† and aggressions are portrayed by the media and the harmful impact it has on the young population in the form of â€Å"moral panic†, a term coined by Stanley Cohen (Banks, 2004, p. 173). This issue of moral panic arises when the observational learning experience of the young population becomes a threat to the social ethics and well-being. The major issue is the representation of real violence and necessary conflation with regards to the T.V, the film or video games and any other activity, which is designated to be real violent or aggressive. (Andersen, 2008, pp.549-550) Case study: There have been instances of regular killing and murder cases considering mainly the white skinned young females, wh ich has generated sensation in the media world and has created kneejerk legislation. However the case of abduction by the strangers is decreasing but the danger which is getting more pronounced for the children is the abduction of children by the family members who take part in major perpetration, kidnapping and abuse. The UK press has initiated a mass campaigning in the name ‘campaign against paedos’ after the case of the murder of Sarah Pyne who was aged only 8 years in July 2000. Sarah Pyne a very young white skinned girl was kidnapped and then was brutally murdered on 1/7/2000 by Roy Whiting. The murderer was immediately tried and condemned in the court. The kidnap took place from the fields in Kingston Gorse near Littlehampton in the Western part of Sussex where the little girl had been playing. The sudden disappearance of Sarah created a huge ripple in the area and led to massive search being conducted by the police and this has generated enough media interest and attention. Later on, her body was found near Pulborough in a field, which was about 20 miles away from Kingston Gorse on 17th of July. The person Roy Whiting had been the major suspect for the police from the beginning but lack of evidence against him was creating a great impediment for the police to sue the murderer. But later on after the discovery of Sarah’s dress at Goose Green crossroads near Coolham, essential forensic investigations were conducted, which helped the police to charge the person and he was sentenced to lifetime

Project annual report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project annual report - Research Paper Example The most common skin disease treated here is acne. People of every age, especially the teenagers are very prone to this disease (Cohen, 2011). Oncology Our department of oncology delivers comprehensive treatment for cancer for both the adults and children with hematologic malignancies or solid tumours. Our aim is to provide the best possible care to patients,  build a world recognized environment for clinical research and laboratory. Biological, novel drug and immunologic targeted therapies and gene therapies are being intensively studied within the department to determine if these therapies can be used for cancer treatment. Members of the department collaborate with allied health professionals and physicians in related medical specialties for example: the Pain Clinic, Radiology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Infectious Diseases and also all the surgical subspecialties in order to ensure that cancer patients with their families have access to total care for their psychological, physic al, spiritual and emotional needs. The department of oncology diagnosis and treatment of every kind of cancer, including: head and neck tumors, brain tumors, kidney cancer, ovarian cancer, sarcomas melanoma, gynaecological and pancreatic cancer, biliary cancer, neuroendocrine and hepatoma. A few days back, our specialists successfully grafted patient’s brother’s bone marrow into hers. The patient was only a few months old and the doctors were really happy with the outcome as the cancer was in its last stages (Oncology in Minnesota, 2011). Gastroenterology Gastroenterology department provides medical treatment and expert diagnosis for patients with disorders of the liver, gallbladder, oesophagus, pancreas, stomach, small intestine and colon.  Our Gastroenterologists use the most recent endoscopic advances to carry out hundreds of minimally invasive procedures every month. These include sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy  and state-of-the-art procedures such as endoscopic ul trasound (EUS) capsule endoscopy and  endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Apart from these services, other innovative procedures and treatments options include: Endoscopic Pancreatic Function Test, Cryoablation for Barrett’s Oesophagus, Endoscopy Therapy for IBD and Extracorporeal and intraductal Lithotripsy. The most common diseases we see in this department are Constipation in children and adults, diverticulitis, diarrhea, helicobacter pylori, gall bladder diseases, iron deficiency anemia, peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, nausea and vomiting, sigmoidoscopy and inflammatory bowel disease. A few days back, the department treated a patient who was unable to swallow food and liquid. Initially we could not find the cause but then it came out to be achalasia. In achalasia the oesophageal sphincter muscle does not relax normally. As medications are not an effective we performed a surgery, which fortunately was successful (Department of Gastroenterology & Hep atology, 2011). Pulmonary: We use the radiology department and the path lab for various tests, and X-rays. Radiological tests such as echocardiogram, ventilation perfusion scans, electrocardiogram, and CT scans are performed on these patients for their quick and efficient diagnosis. Several of the blood tests that we carry out are the LFTs

Defining Economic Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Defining Economic Justice - Essay Example This includes streamlining of the social order so that every person can access the basic means of existence and that means to improve the situation. It is a central ground between capitalism and communism economic principles, which allow private enterprises to earn a profit while ensuring that everyone remains above poverty line. Paul Heyne was a lecturer of economics who advocated his interests in religion, social issues, justice, and free markets economies. In his ideology, Paul Heyne incorporated joblessness, deficiency, incomes, unsafe jobs, globalization, the rich getting richer while the poor getting poorer, excises,  inadequate public schools, lack of health care, the right to form a union  as the basic guidelines to define economic justice. His main aim is to ensure that everyone remains above poverty line and harmonizes the gap between the rich and the poor. The slogan, â€Å"Production for people, not for profits† goes in line with the ideologies of Paul Theodore Heyne. He claims that economic justice involves the synchronization and balance between input and output. However, three principles contrast with his dogmas of economic justice. These principles are contribution, dispersal, and synchronization. The principle of contribution that was put forth describes how one makes input to the economic process so that they can make a living. The standard advocates for impartial opportunities in the process of gaining access to private property in productive assets as well as parity of opportunity in to engage in fecund work. Paul Heyne thought that the use of his principle would, help bridge the gap between the haves and the have-nots’. However, this idea is wrong in that it promotes dependency on those people who work. By using this principle, it means that the individuals’ properties would be divided among the people who have an interest. His ideology advocated for equal results on the output even though the people claiming did no t themselves participate in producing the output. Secondly, Paul Heyne’s creed of economic justice goes against the distributive principle that exists because of the capitalist approach used. This approach requires that the output of an economic system to be shared according to labor and or capital contribution. The distributive justice that we use in the capitalist approach is directly linked to the distributive approach. This is because the distributive approach is like a rewarding mechanism that aims at rewarding every person according to his labor or capital contribution. Conflicting to this approach, Paul Heyne creed was wrong since it aims at rewarding all the society members even though they did not participate in the output creation. His ideology of economic justice may confuse the distributive philosophy in that Paul Heyne’s principle is like a charity work unlike the distributive principle, which is more of a reward mechanism that rewards effort put in an eco nomic system to gain a certain output. Likewise, I do not agree with Paul Heyne’s idea that a free and open market place with the exclusion of the government is the most objective and democratic means for determining the right price, right wages, and the right profits. Paul Heyne ideologies eliminate the government in decision-making. This is very wrong in that the government is a

Motivations of Managers in Small- and Large Firms Essay

Motivations of Managers in Small- and Large Firms - Essay Example In the paper, the importance and major differences between small- and large-scale businesses such as in the case of the multinational corporations (MNCs) and the transnational corporations (TNCs) will be thoroughly discussed. In the process of going through the discussion, the differences between the ownership, goals, and business organization including the business activity of small- and large-scale businesses’ external environments will be compared and contrast. Whether a company is small- or large-scale, the main purpose of establishing a business is to earn large sum of profit. Earning profit is not solely dependent on increasing the company’s annual sales; the ability of the manager to maximize the use of its existing resources also contributes a lot when it comes to increasing the amount of profit a company can generate each year. Aside from the major differences between the corporate structure of small firms and large multinational companies, it is a common knowl edge that large-scale businesses are able to acquire bigger credit line from banks as compared to small-scale businesses. Since small-scale businesses have limited financial resources that can be used in operating the business. For this reason, managers within small-scale companies are not fully able to maximize the benefit of economies-of-scale. Large-scale businesses such as in the case of multinational corporations (MNCs) and the transnational corporations (TNCs) have the financial capacity to invest on highly competitive human resources and support employees’ needed training and development aside from investment on newly innovated communication and production technology and the benefit of purchasing of raw materials by bulk.

Humor and the lower class in Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Humor and the lower class in Shakespeare Essay From the jigging veins springs the flow and creates a hilarious touch in the rhythm of souls- This is incredulous the power of no body else except Shakespeare. Shakespeare was a truly amazing 17th Century literary dude, creating the whole new gamut of human experience and emotions of both high and low, royal and sundry, bringing their lives in the fold of his words through his tragedy, romantic, history and comedy plays. Shakespeare is an appropriate symbol of human life which brings tears and smiles, sighs and shouts of joys. So beyond bringing the tears and pondering over the history, he reaches the heart of man with his comedy plays. Comedy of Shakespeare moves in a world of its own away from satire or moral reforms. The comedy appears in the Renaissance period in its new form breaking from its conventional mode. Since sixteenth century this term was in use but to incorporate numerous types among whom many resembled the Greek and Latin comedies. The renaissance though saw the slight change in the trend of the comic strip but the spirit remained the same. Before it, comedy was performed in the form of farce and clown-age by roaming entertainers and captured the morality completely due to its popularity. The comedy espouses the influence of not only with the plays of Plautus and Terence, but also showed the signs of Latin forms, the biblical Terentian plays, and the story with the theme of the Prodigal Son. The result was quite visible as there on the stages were seen the entire new style of dramatization of story and scenic entertainments which were full of fun and frolic. Shakespeare also used what has become the tradition in the British Society, to laugh at a character’s lack of intellect. Shakespeare uses fools who were considered to be lacking in intelligence but are actually wiser, and clowns. These clowns were generally innocent characters, ignorant, sometimes dull witted and created a situation that is almost out his scope and thus keeps the comic actions going. By using the fools he sprinkled his plays with Jokes meant for the common man touching the audience’s intellectual level. The best example of the use of the fools is Falstaff in I Henry IV. Falstaff is an embodiment of the vice of vanity, dishonest, proud and pretentious but on the other hand coward also, thus providing an entertainment value. The brothers Dromio in the Comedy of Errors is also fine example of the fools. Comedy of Error is Shakespeare’s earliest and classically inspired comedy particularly using the Plautus’s farcical play Menaechmi ( Twins). He created the comic scenes with the common people who found themselves engulfed in a farce of mistaken identities, due to the two pairs of twins who were separated because of the storm in the sea. Some of the humor in Comedy of error is derived from the puns and wordplay, but the large part of it comes from slapstick and mistaken identity, and it’s distinct in the sense that it observes classical unities. This complete play is entertainment, but under the layers of the fun also lays the deeper themes, which includes the feeling of self identity versus reality, the essence of time, coincidence and love. Because of the confusion, both the Syracusan and Ephesan twins sometimes think they have gone insane which shows the Shakespeare’s keen interest in showing the characters tortuous soul. The play also highlights the fact that even the lightest farce can create emotional resonance. This play was first published in the first Folio in 1623 and is considered as Shakespeare shortest play. The comedy ends when both sets of twins were reunited. Shakespeare made his play more complex than Plautus by adding second set of twins. The other plays that can be considered nearer to the Comedy of errors in the model are the two gentleman of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew and A Love’s Labor’s lost. The 1590’s era saw changes in trend in the plays Mid Summers Night Dreams and the Merchant of Venice. These plays were different in tone coming under the category of Middle Comedies and are the proof of the Shakespeare’s genius to experiment with the plays. Mid Summers Night Dreams beautifully presents the bumbling and unconsciously comic townspeople, creating yet another chapter of bringing the common frivolities, vices, situations and circumstances that these townspeople creates for themselves and thus is emerged the amusing scenes. But these plays not only arouse the comic relief but also create the sympathetic feelings. We can also see what is known as the Mature Comedies in this the most popular The romantic plays Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, The Merry Wives of Windsor, and Twelfth Night. All these plays are considered as joyous comedies with characters always smiling and are sympathetic. Written around 1599 and 1600, these plays were at the peak of the Shakespeare’s career in the field of high comedy with generally having beautiful, intelligent, and strong-minded heroines, as the central characters. These plays were in sharp contrast to the satire, and reflect Shakespeare’s not only the mastery of his art but also congenial temperament that he shows towards his characters. Soon after mature comedies, Shakespeare produced problem comedies in his three plays—All’s Well That Ends Well, Troilus and Cressida, and Measure for Measure. The problem comedies deals with the complex and unpleasant themes and its characters have certain amount of moral flaws which are more severe and difficult to change than the characters in the farces or the joyous comedies. Light hearted humor is seen in these plays which are emotionally rich and dramatically exciting and stimulating to the readers. All’s Well That Ends Well, written around 1603 follows the conventional pattern of comedy, and as its title suggests the play ends with the reunion of a separated couple, but this reunion is deeply troubling. Hereby Troilus and Cressida are totally different in the sense that for many days it was unknown whether it was tragedy, history or comedy. The essence of Romanticism showers in the comedy of the Shakespeare’s plays, and the lives hovers over the back ground and atmosphere of Shakespeare. Shakespearean comedy is primarily the comedy of love. The atmosphere is full of the genial of love and friendship. In his comedy love is a means of human fulfillment, and far from raising the lovers thoughts about basic desires, the romantic inserts the feeling of passion. The romantic comedy has characters ranging from servants, drunkards, constables and clowns. The main characteristic feature of the Shakespeare comedy is the beautiful combination of realism and fancy. The characters are drawn from the world of men and women. They have to suffer like ordinary mortals experiencing adversity, separation and disappointments. The characters and scenes though are viewed through magic casements which transforms reality, the settings in his plays are generally imaginative- an unknown island, Thebes, Arden, Illyria, and Venice each are conceived in the sparkling light of a beautiful fancy, yet they are all real and sheer from our daily real lives. The contemporary figures and fashions as in Love’s Labor’s Lost; Bottom and his companions mingling with the fairies, this union of realism and fantasy is the cardinal characteristic feature of Shakespeare romantic world. The worldly wisdom and deep comprehension of life made his comedies more realistic. Under the humor and fun there lies the tone of didacticism with the complex moods and subtlety in the characters. His comedies are also marked by the optimism and are the pictures of life in sunnier aspects. Shakespeare began his journey of comedy where Lyly left, and he was able to find his way to create an intense mood of seriousness in the comedy. It is said that in comedy, Lyly is Shakespeares model and its influence is far more permanent than any other. Shakespeare imitates the grouping style of Lyly and consequently repeats the relation or situation in successive plays. It was from Lyly that Shakespeare learned unity and coherence of plot-construction, basically in the introduction of songs and fairies. (Looney, 1997-2002). And the fine example is â€Å"Love and Labor’s lost†. He was also influenced with Greene which led to the creation of The Two Gentlemen of Verona. But the most influence that is created on his works is from Plautus and Terence. Plautus devices used in the plots reads like ten-twenty-thirty thrillers of the nineteenth century: involving abandonment of infants, kidnapping, piracy, shipwreck, tokens of recognition, changes of identity, keyhole listenings and strange rescues. His world constitutes the characters ranging from scolding matrons, lying and thievish servants, money lenders, procurers and sycophants, all belong to the lower or middle strata of the society but in the end always the knaves are punished and its titles reflects the plot like The Play of the Hidden Pot of Gold, The Haunted House, How the Sham Steward Got Paid for His Asses, and The Play of the Caskets. The same is true with Comedy of Error which is derived from the Plautus’s farcical play Menaechmi (Twins). In this play Plautus uses laughter to dwell and come out with the human foibles including the mistaken identity. As in Comedy of Errors in Plautus play, only one servant appears and he is traveling with a twin who stays outside their native country. The citizen twin has a shrewd wife, a father-in-law and a mistress named Erotium, and thus all these involves trickery, sex intrigue with the husband’s blatant infidelity. And this mistaken identity are wrangled a jeweler, a merchant, parasite, a physician and the courtesan. Thus the story and plot of the Shakespeare and Plautus are same but Shakespeare gives very little of farce. There are two distinct patterns in which Shakespeare comedy moves, one from society to wilderness and then back to the better society and the second pattern is from union to wandering and then back to union. (Flachman from midsummer magazine, 2001). The first model emerges in the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. This play takes its characters from the urban lands to the green world of forest and then back to the original society whereby they have learned the true way of living from the freedom that they enjoyed in green world of the Forest. In the Midsummer Night Dreams all attained the good fortune only by staying one night in enchanted woods. As opposed to these plays, the other plays like in Twelfth Night, The Comedy of Errors, and All’s Well That Ends Well, specifically in the comedy of errors the characters first are united, separated and then united. In, many of the comedies the conclusion is the happy marriage. These patterns help us to read in depth the chapters of our lives and try to solve the problems faced by us in a much comic manner. The Midsummers Night Dreams is different then the Comedy of Errors in the sense that its the Bards original wedding play. According to many scholars it is a light entertainment to accompany a marriage celebration; and unlike Comedy of Errors Shakespeare does not rely on existing plays, narrative poetry, historical chronicles or any other source materials, making it an absolutely original piece. The main plot of the play involves the two set of couples The Hermia and Lysander, and Helena and Demetrius whose romantic endeavors are complicated due to their entry into the fairyland woods where the King and Queen of the Fairies Oberon and Titania rules and the Puck or Robin Goodfellow, who are the folk characters plies his trade. Thus there is also an element of fantasy in this play which is totally absent in the Comedy of Errors with an exception of twins. A Midsummer Nights Dream contains lyrical expressions of love and dreams, and the creative imagination of both. These two patterns, are born from the plays, the Jorge de Montemayor’s Diana, which is a Spanish pastoral romance who in celebrating the love, moves from society to wilderness and then back to the reformed and much cherished society, and the second posters from the story of â€Å"Titus and Gisippus† in Sir Thomas Elyot’s The Governor, and its plot moves uniting the characters and then leave them to wander and again back reuniting them. Shakespeare was a versatile character and the growth his career lies in its model of versatility which is amply clear in all his plays whether it is tragic, history or comedy, versatility lies in all and he is always experimenting with the words so close to the human heart and that makes the Shakespeare unique. BIBILIOGRAPHY 1. Flachmann Michael, (2001), The two Comic plots of Verona, From Midsummer Magazine, Utah Shakespearean Festival Home Page, Retrieved on 19th March 2007 from W. W. W: http://www. bard. org/education/resources/shakespeare/twogentscomic. html 2. Looney J Thomas, Shakespeare Identified, Chapter XI, Edward De Vere — Middle Period: Dramatic Foreground, Retrieved on 19th March 2007 from W. W. W: http://www. shakespearefellowship. org/etexts/si/11-5. htm.