Philosophy William James pragmatic truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Philosophy William James pragmatic truth - Essay Example The theory of pragmatic truth which has been presented by the psychologist and philosopher William James attempts to measure truth in terms of its practical utility or the interests of individuals making judgments about truth. This theory was a natural consequence of the freedoms which were to be found in the new land of America and which made individuals view the world as it really was by making them accept concepts which were of use to them, when making difficult choices. William James was a psychologist and a philosopher and his theory of pragmatic truth illustrates this point when William James becomes more engrossed in thinking about the mental processes, models and past beliefs associated with reaching conclusions about the truth value of propositions, statements, utterances and messages etc. Logic is rejected and truth comes to be associated with the interests of individuals, their passions, rewards etc, even though it can be expected that any truth will be examined by a multi tude of individuals with diverse interests. This essay takes a critical look at William James’s pragmatic theory of truth. The psychologist and philosopher William James was born in 1910 to philosopher Henry James Sr. He was studied medicine at Harvard University and later went to Germany to study psychology in Germany. On his return from Germany, he taught at Stanford, Columbia University and Harvard University. William James was also an author and his greatest masterpiece was his twelve hundred page work The Principles of Psychology which was published in 1890. The work consists of a blend of physiology, psychology, philosophy, and personal reflection (The Radical Academy). Apart from psychology, William James’s other concerns have been religion and an understanding of truth. He is also known as a leading philosopher who has been associated with pragmatism. Pragmatism tries to

Police Brutality. Is it increasing Is the Media Making It more then it Research Paper

Police Brutality. Is it increasing Is the Media Making It more then it is - Research Paper Example Several injuries and deaths have been recorded by the use of police powers in the form of chemical sprays, restraints, electro shock, dogs, and guns etc. More over a term â€Å"POLICE BRUTALITY† is best used to explain the above mentioned acts. It can be defined more precisely as: â€Å"Police brutality is the ill or irresponsible use of excessive force, usually physical, but potentially in the form of verbal attacks and psychological threatening by a police officer or police† (Dudley, 1991) The term â€Å"Police brutality† was coined 1st time in 1893 in THE NEW YORK TIMES, described an incident of beating of a civilian by a police officer. Modern police system was based on the developments in 17th and 18th century in France (Dudley, 1991) Brutality cases’ were seemed to be raised with labor strikes, such as â€Å"steel strike 1919†, â€Å"Great Railroad Strike 1877†, â€Å"Pullman Strike 1894† etc. (Rofleff, 1999). It is important to note that, it is understood that police brutality targets people, belonging to a less effective, powerless groups like (poor, disabled etc.). Police brutality has its root in many countries. Police brutality includes acts like (Racial Profiling, political repression, sexual abuse, false arrest etc.). In Indonesia, police targets Islamic extremists; they are either killed or captured. On august 30th 2010, police officers in Central Sulawesi province opened fire into a crowd of people which was claiming and protesting against the local man’s death, 34 people were injured and 5 killed (Rofleff, 1999). In People’s Republic of China, several â€Å"police harassment cases† have been reported by foreign journalists. In Russia, it is claimed by the Human Rights activists that â€Å"tortured techniques are used by police to gather false or wrong information from the arresters etc. There are mainly two reasons, 1st is concerned with individual’s acts (psychologica l state) and 2nd is dealt with the system and organizational practices of the police departments. Police brutality is greatly concerned with the approach one individual has, that is it is mostly done by the bad officers or cops who are likely to use powers over others or one who wants to suppress others on behalf of powers. It is also a justified argument that police work does attract those individuals who are fond of use of powers and to threat others. Researchers develop basically 5 unique types of officers, which are: â€Å"personality disorders, previous traumatic job-related experience, young inexperience and macho officers, officers with personal problems and officers who are not perfect with their patrol styles† (Gerdes, 2004). Some examples like personal disrespect that is when officers are disrespected by anyone. The officers annoys and to please his ego he can do something which is a crime in front of law , also there is a situation of racial profiling, so the offic er is likely to charge crimes on individual of particular class or race wrongly which is counted as brutality (Dudley, 1991). On the other hand system and organization has its own impact, it is assumed or theorized that excessive powers’ use by some officers is being taught by the more higher or experienced officers to the younger ones. Some young police officers when enter the force comes in direct link with group of officers and experience a re-socialization process. Many officers think that their training is just a â€Å"

Fedex Ad Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fedex Ad Analysis - Essay Example The creativity of the FedEx Ad is to attract more customers ad appeals to the young generation. The graphics in the Ad are also meant to imply that the competition is lagging behind and trying to keep up with the competition is trying to keep up with the company both in cargo carrying capacity and speed all around states. The ad is impressively creative to lay the groundwork for future customer base. It was meant to help boost the employees morale ad solidify the efforts of the company to expand its shares in the delivery market. It implies flexibility and the advantage of a large carrying capacity in a company that ensures that your goods get to their destination safely. The company advertisement is meant to persuade the customers that they are dedicated to their jobs and they understand the needs of the consumer and are ready to fulfill them faster ad effectively. The use of optical illusions and graphics were meant to attract the consumer and have those customers talking which would help with brand awareness which leads to increased customer base. The advertisement was also meant to challenge the competition in keeping up with it as well as providing better services for the customers. The FedEx ad is directed to both customer and competing brand, it appeals to the customers and attract their attention in a field that is highly used in transporting goods from one place to another all over the states. FedEx has established a loyal customer base due to their quality services but the stiff competition from other companies has provided a level playing field. The company has used strategic advertising to give them an edge. The aesthetic appeal of the trucks is to attract more young generation. The use of the competing brand is to appreciate and acknowledge the competition while preying at their weakness. Companies in a competitive field have to keep coming up with new strategies to improve their businesses, keep

Tests of Intelligence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tests of Intelligence - Assignment Example ildren between the age group 6 to 16, meant to generate scores of IQ based on a comprehensive test model that includes ten core subtests and five supplemental tests. All these tests are verbal, and each of them carries equal weightage. The main testing spheres include verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, processing speed, and working memory. Application of WSIC in the sphere of IQ testing has been more successful than in clinical testing for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other learning disabilities in children. This test was founded by Alfred Binet, and has undergone many modifications, the present one being 5th edition. This intelligence test is modeled to test using both verbal and nonverbal methods, aimed to assess reasoning, knowledge, analytical reasoning, visual-spatial processing and memory. The SB-5 is proven to be better in terms of assessing individuals and is more reliable (Becker, 2003). Based on a study conducted by Watkins et al. (1998), it was inferred that the WSIC test cannot distinguish between children with learning disabilities and those without disabilities. Further, the test could not predict academic achievement among children with learning disabilities. In this regard, the SB-5 is more suitable as it distinguishes children with different levels of intelligences and learning abilities. Research indicated weak reliability scores for WSIC, with low internal consistency reliability criterion; inconsistent results across time were also observed, thus complicating individual decisions and assessments. Owing to the deviation of subtest measurements from normative methods, ipsative methods based on transformation to person-relative metrics have been opted. However, these are not empirical, and are intuitive; because of this, the results so obtained are psychometrically incongruent. Instability of subtests measurements makes the test less reliable. Statistical differences of group mean scores will not help in

The Major Issue In The Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Major Issue In The Economy - Essay Example The protests of the Occupy Wall Street state its objectives: â€Å"to end corruption in Wall Street and the political process.† This straightforward statement and the protest that expresses it appeared to be a very rational extension of opinionated dialogue. This has been a voiced proclamation by the presidential candidates, as well as activists for a very long time. On the other hand, under entrepreneurship, there is just no way to get rid of the greed and the sleaze from Wall Street, or to â€Å"get cash out of politics.† Known that takings are already entrenched in the ‘goods’ exchanged on Wall Street, ‘voracity’ is utterly, totally, and necessarily inherent from the very outset. Capitalism has been found to be the systemization of gluttony and that Wall Street is its figural and fiduciary quintessence. Trying to get rid of greed in Wall Street is like trying to get blood out of the body and commanding it to walk around. Gluttony is the bloo d of free enterprise and Wall Street is the heart. To do away with the supremacy of systemic greed, we cannot remove greediness from Wall Street; we must get rid of Wall Street from the world itself (Van 112). Supplementary, the free enterprise is in a condition of systemic crisis. This makes its paroxysms felt across the globe and in every locality thereof. The era of ‘progressive’ reformism had ended, and it is not going to come back. This is lucid if one takes a view at Europe, where old-age reforms are being undone, country after country.

The justice in United Arab Emirates Research Paper

The justice in United Arab Emirates - Research Paper Example This phenomenon is more intensive in countries where culture has been considered as indispensable part of law, such as in the case of Islamic countries. Current paper presents the justice system of UAE, an Arab country with a significant economic power. The efforts of UAE’s government to develop the country’s economic and social framework are highly supported by the national legal system, which is appropriately aligned with the rules of Islamic law. The structure and the elements of UAE’s justice system indicate a strong dependency on culture. At the same time, the influence of the particular justice system by similar systems of the West cannot be ignored. Aly Khedr and Bassam (2010) note that the influences of Western legislation on the UAE’s justice system are clear. Moreover, the key legislative text that has affected UAE’s justice system is the Egypt code which was first appeared near the end of the 19th century (Aly Khedr and Bassam 2010). Also , the adoption of the Civil law by UAE denotes the willingness of the country’s governments to establish a long term relationship between UAE’s justice system and the French law, which has been the basis of the Civil law (Aly Khedr and Bassam 2010). ... The first appearance of UAE’s justice system can be related to the country’s first appearance in the international community, around in 1971 (Abu Dhabi e-government 2012). It was then that the first rules of law for regulating the country’s various issues were established (Abu Dhabi e-government 2012). At that period, the development of the country’s legal system was based on laws of two different types: a) the federal laws and b) the laws issued by Decrees (Abu Dhabi e-government 2012). The laws of the first category were first introduced by the Cabinet and were then brought before the Federal National Council in order to be verified, as legislative texts. Up to that level, a legislative text would remain a bill; for becoming a law, a bill should be then brought to the country’s President who has the power to bring the bill to the Federal Supreme Court for ratification (Abu Dhabi e-government 2012). This is the common legislative process as applied in UAE since the country’s first establishment. In addition, there is the option of laws that are promoted as decrees (Abu Dhabi e-government 2012). These laws can be promoted only in cases of emergency when critical issues need to be regulated. These laws can be promoted by the country’s President, in cooperation with the Cabinet (Abu Dhabi e-government 2012). At lower level, laws can be promoted for regulating issues at the level of emirates, i.e. at not at federal level (Abu Dhabi e-government 2012). Reference should be made here to the Cabinet decisions which are placed, in terms of their power, between the laws brought by decree and the common laws (Abu Dhabi e-government 2012). This means that the decisions of Cabinet are of increased power compared to the laws of Emirates, a fact that it is crucial any

John Snow Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

John Snow - Assignment Example John Snow, also known as the father of epidemiology, is a renowned British physician who played a major role in discovering the real cause of cholera. He propounded that cholera was a water-borne disease which is caused by the oral ingestion of the disease-causing germs. Following this theory, he also succeeded in tracing the source of the spread of cholera during an outbreak of the epidemic in Soho. (Vinten-Johansen et. al., 2004). Snow was born and brought up in York region of England. After completing his preliminary education till the age of 14, he began working as an apprentice to a surgeon. During his tenure as a surgical apprentice, Snow gathered valuable knowledge about the fundamental concepts of medical science and learnt multiple skills that are essential for a physician. This period in his life was extremely influential in the growth and development of Snow in the domain of medicine and surgery. He understood the mechanism of spread of diseases, learnt ways to restrict the spread of diseases, observed many surgeries taking place and came to know the ways to ensure the welfare of patients. This period not only marked a learning phase in the life of Snow but also saw his emergence as a skilled physician. He developed a scientific approach for administering pharmaceuticals to the patient with respect to their dosage and personal identifiers. (Piarroux and Faucher, 2012). For instance, he showed how the human body responded to different doses of anesthetic drugs. (Ball, 2008). Though the approach was formulated several decades back by Snow, the intervention still continues to be followed worldwide in the practice of medical science today. In the late 1840s, a widespread outbreak of cholera was witnessed in London. During this period Snow, using his scientific methodology, was able to discover the nature of a dangerous strain of cholera. By the use of