World War II Inventions :: essays research papers

Between 1939 and 1945, WWII brought many innovations and inventions to the world. New countries, organizations, weapons, and technological advances were produced. The three that had the maximum impact on the war were the invention of the radar, aircraft, and the atomic bomb because of their effective uses. The first practical radar system was invented in 1935 by the Scottish physicist Robert Alexander Watson, but it was later developed by the English during WWII. The radar was used to determine where a distant object was, how big it was, what shape it had, how fast it was moving and in which direction it was going. When Germany sent 2,000 planes every night for two solid months to try to gain control of the skies by destroying Britain’s nuclear air force, British pilots accurately plotted the flight paths of German planes , even in the darkness, due to the radar. The radar is important because it prevents planes to crash into each other and it is used today to manage traffic control, to detect missiles, and to detect weather conditions. Aircraft impacted WWII in a major way, it was the main weapon. Fighter aircraft of the second world war featured all the innovations of the 1930s. Piston-engined fighters continued to be refined and developed with increasing performance and capabilities. Planes were used in WWII because they were fast and because they could attack on land and sea. Planes impacted the history of the world because they were used to attack Britain by the Germans, they were used on the attack of pearl harbor and they were used to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Planes played a significant role because they were the major attacking utensil used in this war. Unlike aircraft, the atomic bomb wasn’t used so much but it created more damage than planes and it ended war. The atomic bomb’s explosive power originates when the nucleus of a heavy atom is split. The uranium in an atomic bomb can release one million times as much energy as TNT. The Fission bomb impacted the world because it exterminated Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing about 140.000 thousand people and injuring thousands. These bombs created Thermal radiation, which results from the extremely high temperatures created by an atomic explosion, causes serious burns on exposed parts of the body and may ignite fires over a wide radius.

Ap World History Chapter 12-14 Vocabulary

Tarek Sahyoun AP World History Unit 3 Vocabulary * Bedouins are pretty much the stereotypical Arabs because of their culture based on herding camels and goats * I would have liked to be a Shaykh if I lived in a Bedouin society because they usually possessed large herds. * It is a Muslim practice to pray toward the city of Mecca. * I was surprised to hear that Muhammad's flight to Medina began the Muslim calendar. * The Umayyad clan dominated Mecca, and later became a Muslim dynasty. * Muhammad is the prophet that started the religion of Islam, which even today is a major religion. My grandmother reads the Qur'an in her free time. * If one is Muslim, one must always have faith in the Umma. * Muslims must pay zakat to the mosques to allow them to keep functioning. * The Five Pillars are the set of rules that all Muslims must follow. * Caliphs were doubted by many because they took the place of Muhammad although there were no official procedures to have someone follow the prophet. * Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. * Abu Bakr had the privilege of succeeding Muhammad as the first caliph. * The Ridda Wars following Muhammad's death restored the unity of Islam. Jihad was the Islamic holy war. * Mu'awiya was the first Umayyad caliph and had a capital was Damascus * Today, Sunnis make up most of the Muslim population. * Today, Shia’s make up the minority of the Muslim population * Mawali people had many restrictions, although they were granted the right convert to Islam. * Dhimmis were known as â€Å"the people of the book† who originally included the Jews and the Christians. * The Abbasids dynasty succeeded the Umayyads after a long rivalry had ended. * Hadiths are â€Å"traditions† of the prophet Muhammad Wazir was the chief administrative official under the Abbasids * Dhows were used by Arab merchants, and helped them be very successful in quick trade. * The Ayan was the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids * Al-Mah di failed to reconcile Shi'a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem. * Harun al-Rashid was the most famous of the Abbasid caliphs * Buyids were Persian invaders of the 10th century that captured Baghdad * The Seljuk Turks were nomadic invaders from central Asia * There have been several accounts of Crusades in history of the world. Salah-ud-Din reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms. * Ibn Khaldun was a great Muslim historian * Al-Razi was a scientist who was incorrect, and classified all matter as animal, vegetable, and mineral. * Al-Biruni –was an advanced scientist who calculated the specific weight of major minerals. * The Ulama was made up of Islamic religious scholars. * Al-Ghazali was a brilliant Islamic theologian * Sufis were Islamic mystics, and spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions. * Mongols were central Asian nomadic peoples, and later had one of the largest empires in the world. Chinggis Khan was a Mongol ruler, who would later play a large role in the history of the Mongols. * Mamluks were rulers of Egypt who descended from Turkish slaves * Muhammad ibn Qasim is respected because he was once the Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire * Although they are Arabic numerals, they are actually Indian. * Mahmud of Ghazni was ruler of an Afghan dynasty. * Muhammad of Ghur was a Persian ruler of a small Afghan kingdom. * Sati was a very cruel way of dying, for widowed women had to be burned with their deceased husbands. Bhaktic cults were Hindu religious groups who stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the gods or goddesses. * Kabir was Muslim mystic who played down the differences between Hinduism and Islam * Shrivijaya was the trading empire based on the Malacca straits * Malacca was a flourishing trading city in Malaya that was established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya. * Demak was most powerful of the trading states on the north Java c oast. Stateless societies -societies of varying sizes organized through kingship and lacking the concentration of power found in centralized states * Maghrib is the Arabic term for northwestern Africa * The Almoravids built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain * The Almohadis built an empire reaching from the African savanna into Spain * Ethiopia is a Christian kingdom in the highlands of eastern Africa * Sahel is the term for the extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara. Sudanic states are states trading with north Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways * Mali is a state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers * Juula were Malinke merchants who traded throughout the Mali Empire and west Africa * Mansa was title of the ruler of Mali * Ibn Batuta was an Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world * Kankan Musa was legendary because of the wealth distributed along the way on a pilgrimage to Mecca. * Sundiata created a unified state that became the Mali Empire. * Songhay was the successor state to Mali. * Hausa states combined Islamic and indigenous beliefs. East African trading ports were urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures. * Demographic transition is the term for the change from slow to rapid population growth. * Nok was the central Nigerian culture with a highly developed art style. * Yoruba was a highly urbanized Nigerian agriculturists organized into small city-states. * Luba peoples created a form of divine kingship where the ruler had powers ensuring fertility of people and crops. * Great Zimbabwe incorporated the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa * Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire. The Body of Civil Law was the emperor Justinian's codification of Roman law. * The Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water was known as Greek fire. * Icons are ima ges of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians. * Iconoclasm was the action of breaking of icons. * Manzikert was the Seljuk Turk victory which resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory * Cyril and Methodius were Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans. * Kiev was a commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians. Rurik is regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855. * Vladmir I was a ruler of Kiev that converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity. * Russian Orthodoxy was a Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire. * Yaroslav was the last great Kievan monarch. * Boyars were Russian land-holding aristocrats. * Tatars were Mongols who conquered Russian cities. * The Middle Ages is known as the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th century. * Gothic architecture is an architectural style developed in Western Europe. Vikings were seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrup ted coastal areas of Europe. * Manorialism was a rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages. * Serfs were peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system. * The three-field system was the practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage. * Clovis was a king of the Franks. * The Carolingians was royal house of Franks. * Charles Martel was the first Carolingian king of the Franks. * Charlemagne was a Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany. Holy Roman emperors were political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany. * Feudalism was a personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service. * Vassals were members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty. * The Capetians were a French dyna sty. * William the Conqueror invaded England from Normandy. * The Magna Carta represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law. Parliaments are bodies representing privileged groups. * The Hundred Years War was a major conflict between England and France. * Pope Urban II organized the first Crusade in 1095. * Investiture is the practice of appointment of bishops * St. Clare of Assisi is the founder of a woman's monastic order * Gregory VII is a pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops * Thomas Aquinas was a creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning. Scholasticism is a dominant medieval philosophical approach. * Troubadours gave a new value to the emotion of love in Western tradition. * The Hanseatic League was an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance * Jacques Coeur’s career as banker to the French monarchy demonstrates new course of medieval commerce * Guilds stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities * The Black Death significantly reduced Europe's population. Columbus referred to the Native Americans as Indians. * Toltecs established capital at Tula following migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice. * Aztecs also known as the Mexica established a large empire. * Tenochtitlan became center of Aztec power. * Calpulli were clans in Aztec society. * I think it would be pretty cool to work on a Chinampa. * Pochteca specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items. Inca socialism was an interpretation describing Inca society as a type of utopia * The Inca was a group of clans centered at Cuzco. * Pachacuti began the military campai gn that marked the creation of an Inca empire * Huayna Capac brought the empire to its greatest extent * Split inheritance is an Inca practice of ruler descent * Curacas were local rulers who the Inca left in office in return for loyalty. * Tambos were supply centers for Inca armies Quipu -system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records * Period of the Six Dynasties -era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han * Wendi -member of prominent northern Chinese family during the era of Six Dynasties; established Sui dynasty in 589, with support from northern nomadic peoples * Li Yuan -Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over the empire after the assassination of Yangdi; 1st Tang ruler * Ministry of Public Rites -administered the examinations for state office during the Tang dynasty * Jinshi -title given students who p assed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office * Chan Buddhism -call Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular among the elite * Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism -emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses * Wuzong -Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism * Khitan nomads -founded Liao dynasty of Manchuria in 907; remained a threat to Song; very much influenced by Chinese culture * Zhao Kuangyin -general who founded Song dynasty; took royal name of Taizu * Zhu Xi -most prominent Neo-Confucian scholar during the Song dynasty; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life * Wang Anshi -Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song ruler in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalism; advocated greater state intervention in society * Southern Song -smaller surviving dynast y (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history * Jurchens -founders of Jin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forces Song to flee south * Grand Canal -great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin * Junks -Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula * Flying money -Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency * Footbinding -male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to educe size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household * Bi Sheng -11th c artisan; devised technique of printing with movable type; made it possible for China to be the most contemporary literate civilziation * Taika refo rms -attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army * Fujiwara -mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power * Bushi -regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies * Samurai -mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor * Seppuku -ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor * Gumpei wars -waged for five years from 1180 on Honshu between the Taira and Minamoto families; ended in destruction of Taira * Bakufu -military government established by the Minamoto following Gumpei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai * Shoguns -military leaders of the bakufu Hojo -a warrior family closely allied with the Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers; ruled in name of emperor * Ashikaga Takuaji -member of Minamoto family; overthrew KamaKura regime and established Ashikaga shogunate (1336-1573); drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino * Daimyos -warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states * Choson -earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han in 109 BCE * Koguryo -tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification * Sinification -extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions * Yi -dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence * Trung Sisters -leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demons trates importance of women in Vietnamese society * Khmers and Chams -Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi * Nguyen -southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that hallenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi * Chinggis Khan -born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 * Tumens -basic fighting units of Mongol forces; made up of 10,000 cavalrymen divided into smaller units * Tangut -rulers of Xi-Xia kingdom of northwest China; during the southern Song period; conquered by Mongols in 1226 * Shamanistic religion -Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits * Batu -grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236 * Golden Horde -one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c * Prester John -a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom supposedly had been cut of f from Europe by the Muslim conquests; some thought he was Chinggis Khan * Ilkhan khanate -one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire * Hulegu -grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad * Mamluks -Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260 * Kubilai Khan -grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 * Chabi -influential wife of Kubilai Khan; demonstrated refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Confucian China * Nestorians -Asian Christian sect; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions * White Lotus Society -secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty * Ju Yuanzhang -Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan; founded Ming dynasty * Timur-i-Lang -last major nomad leader; 14th c, known to the West as Tamerlane ; Turkic ruler of Samarkand; launched attacks in Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405 * Ottoman Empire -Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire * Ming Dynasty -replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China * Zheng He -Muslim Chinese seaman; commanded expeditions throughout the Indian Ocean * Renaissance -cultural and political elite movement beginning in Italy circa 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; produced iterature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the European Middle Ages * Portugal, Castile, and Aragon -regional Iberian kingdoms; participated in reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda * Vivaldi brothers -Genoese explorers who attempted to find a western route to the â€Å"Indies†; precursors of European thrust into southern Atlantic * Henry the Navigator -Portuguese prince; sponsored Atlantic voyages; reflected the forces present in last postclassical Europe * Ethnocentrism -judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history

The School Of A Charter School - 1396 Words

Being in a charter school, the academic school day is much different than in a public school. My CT, has to have her lesson plan turned in and approved at least 2 weeks prior to the lesson. There is no room for error, let alone the students not understanding any lesson. If a lesson is taught on a Monday, the classroom will be moving on to the next lesson on Tuesday, regardless if the students understand the lesson or not. There is also no differentiation in the classroom. All of the students are given the same materials, lessons and the same amount of help. There are students with IEP’s and students with their English at basic proficiency levels. The only time that instruction is differentiated is when one specific student struggles with†¦show more content†¦The students should be instructed to use scaffolding and the teacher should be able to gage when the students are starting to understand the information and send the individuals to their seats as she sees fit. When it comes to differentiated instruction, there is none. When it comes to the student whose L1 is not English, she is stuck guessing on many of their assessments. Many times, the language of the test is content-specific academic language, which is much more difficult for the individual to understand. This could easily be adjusted by, making sure the student is taught the specific language throughout the lesson and unit. Another course of action would be to differentiate the assessment by adjusting the language so that the L2 is comprehensible to the student. Language Allocation in Classroom Within the Spanish speaking community at this charter school, there is little to no L1 used during the school day. The students’ instruction does now allow for the individuals L1 to be used. Occasionally, when the students are not having a silent lunch or when they are given recess, there will be murmurs in the students L1. Aside from the occasional conversations during recess or lunch time, the students do not speak in their native language at school. The teacher doesShow MoreRelatedCharter Schools : A Public School Or A Charter School?1674 Words   |  7 Pagestheir child no matter if the school is a public school or a charter school. The passing of this ballot will allow the approval of twelve new charter schools or enrollment to increase by 1% statewide in already existing charter schools by the state Board of Elementary and Secondary Education each year. Hearing about charter schools expanding would gain the supporters of those who have a child on a waiting list. There are those who already have a child in a public school and worries that passing thisRead MoreThe School Of Charter Schools Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesoriginally proposed he mission of charter schools as schools where â€Å"groups of teachers should be able to run their own schools within regular schools and to pursue innovative ways of educating disaffected students.† Observe the evolution of charter schools. How are charter schools these days different? Are these differences, in your opinion, good or bad? (p. 286) †¢ Friedman believed that although â€Å"there would be all-white schools, all-black schools, and mixed schools†, choice is of paramount importanceRead MoreCharter Schools Vs. School Schools1261 Words   |  6 Pagesthe charters providing an avenue of escape for some, it hasn’t been for the majority,† (Zernike 4). In some cities charter schools are educating more that half the students in some American cities (Zernike 1). These charter schools make promises to parents and students that are hard to pass up in many cities, where public education is lacking and private education is out of reach for many. Charter schools exist all across America, in forty-two states and Washington D.C.(Oliver). These charter schoolsRead MoreCharter Schools Are The Best Schools1608 Words   |  7 PagesCharter schools offer much more than public schools do, like smaller classrooms and extended one-on-one time. Charter schools are â€Å"independent entities that have received a charter, which is a set of self-written rules (and promises) about how the school will be structured and run† (Pascual, 2016, The Truth About Charter Schools). This means that they have their own rules that work for the children and meet their individual needs. The schools could change the rules, as generations change, to accommodateRead MoreCharter School Vs. Public Schools974 Words   |  4 PagesSuccess Why choose to go to Charter School rather than public school? Charter schools are public school of choice, meaning families choose for their children. Federal legislation provides grants to help charters to manage start-up costs. They create better educational opportunities for the students therefore they have higher expectations in teaching. Charter Schools and zoned (public) schools are tuition free but unfortunately not everyone can get in to Charter school, since it works by lotteryRead MoreCharter Schools And The School Voucher System806 Words   |  4 Pagesdue to economic factors or cultural factors. Often parents are concerned about topics being taught in schools. The result of this is the existence of charter schools and the school voucher system. Charter schools are less regulated, private institutions which receive taxpayer funding. School voucher systems provide monetary assistance to qualifying students which allow them to attend private schools. This is shown as a w ay to provide parents with options concerning their child’s education. HoweverRead MoreCharter Schools Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesCharter Schools: The Future of Education? For decades the American education system provided parents with three choices: public, homeschool or private school. If they chose public then their child(ren) would be assigned to a school past on where they lived. However , â€Å"in the early 1990s a handful of states created independent public charter schools, providing opportunities for teachers and others to develop innovative schooling options â€Å" (Palmer, Louann 2007). Not only did the creation ofRead MoreCharter Schools Vs Public Schools1199 Words   |  5 PagesCharter schools are defined as a publicly funded school, established as an autonomous institution with educational goals set by it board, and operating by contract or charter with local school board or state. (oed.com). Since these schools are privatized, many parents believe they are somehow better performing than neighborhood public schools. Charter schools rely on convincing data to justify the practice of privatizing schools, data that shows high performing students. However, they hide the factRead MoreThe Opinion Of Charter Schools1687 Words   |  7 Pages As I began working on this essay, my first step was to google charter school news articles. One of the first two articles that I came across was from a well known conservative news source. The other was published in a prominent outlet for liberal news. I was amazed at the polar opposite views that the two sources had on the subject and decided to see if this dichotomy continued in other news outlets as well. I then looked up a ranking of various news sources as liberal or conservative. IRead MoreThe Implementation Of Charter Schools1505 Words   |  7 Pages Implementation of charter schools in LAUSD by George Szabo Introduction to Public Management and Policy POSC / CRJU 320 Dr. Samuel B. Stone California State University, Fullerton September 29, 2015 $490-million dollar plan In California there is frequent debate over the performance of public schools throughout the state. It is known that many of the state’s public schools are poorly funded and lay in disrepair. It is also accompanied by bad test scores and underperforming students which

Characteristics Of Chicago Gang Gangs - 988 Words

One of the key – sacred, in some instances – characteristics of Chicago’s gangs of the 1920 was the division across ethnic lines. In other words, representatives of the same ethnic group stuck together and frowned upon the inclusion of outsiders into their gangs. Of course, larger gangs were often multiethnic, but their core was predominantly monoethnic. The same tendency prevailed across the country, as gangs in New York and Philadelphia were also increasingly homogenous. Asian triads, Italian mafia, Irish and Jewish gangs were all incestuous organizations with ethnically homogenous core. Thus, Johnny Torrio and Al Capone’s Chicago Outfit was an Italian American gang. Their rivals, the North Side Gang, were primarily individuals of Irish descent. Westside O’Donnells and Southside O’Donnells also comprised mobsters who were most often of Irish origin. Hence, most gangs were based on the perceived bonds of ethnic loyalty or on the assumption that compatriots would not sell out. This perceived truth was inculcated in the children of immigrants since childhood by their relatives and peers alike. Fisher explains that not only street gangs but also such seemingly innocuous associations as social athletic clubs in Chicago of the early 20th century were divided across ethnic lines. Neighborhood identity fueled this insularism, as ethnically diverse children groups from different neighborhoods engaged in melees with others, with the most common confrontations unfolding betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Geography and Social Networks on Gang Violence1520 Words   |  7 PagesGang violence is becoming a known threat in our country. Gang violence is defined as a group of people by repetitive socializing individuals or close friends with recognizable influence and inner coordination. These gangs will claim full control over a region in a community, town, or specific area which will lead to the involvement of violent crimes and unlawful behavior as a group or even by oneself. Since these gangs are increasing in size in communities, citizens of certain areas are beginningRead MoreViolence And Culture : A Cross Cultural And Interdisciplinary Approach By Jack David Eller1208 Words   |  5 Pagesviolence in one way or another. In the book Violence and Culture: A Cross-Cultural and Interdisciplinary Approach by Jack David Eller, the author discusses violence in American society in one of his chapters. In this chapter, he mentions some social characteristics that represents and plays a role in violence in America. The three of the four that will be discussed are gender, race, and youth. We will also notice how these four concepts often intersect with one another. This essay will prove how gender,Read MoreG angs Have A Long Negative History Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesGangs have a long negative history. Usually joining a gang is a bad thing to do. Well depending what kind of gang it is, but most of the time it’s been viewed like a violent or a rebellion act. Gangs have had an impact in society for a long time in many different places in the world, and there are a lot of types of gangs. They impact society by increasing the rates of murders, school drop outs, and drug and alcohol abuse. There are many reasons why people join gangs. Some people might join a gangRead MoreThe Role Of Gangs On The Criminal Justice System1587 Words   |  7 PagesBrendan O’Callaghan 2/24/16 Juvenile Justice Gangs Assessed Juveniles’ participation in gangs is an ongoing issue continuing to face the Unites States of America’s criminal justice system in modern society. The first active gangs to appear within Western society were inscribed by a respected chronicler of crime in Britain 1873. Gangs first emerged into American society around 1783 as the American Revolution drew to a close. More serious street gangs, however, did not surface until the early partRead MoreSummary Of Policing Gangs In America1318 Words   |  6 PagesPolicing Gangs in America Ryne Kisslan October 7, 2017 Gangs Professor Nuno In Policing Gangs in America, Charles Katz and Vincent Webb describes every issue in American Gangs today. The ultimate goal of this book is how the gang officers work and the different kind of atmosphere they work in. Their job isn’t like other law enforcement jobs. It’s one of the more dangerous occupation in the Criminal Justice system. These gang officers focus on how they react to public gang issues.Read MoreA Research Study On An Imaginary Team Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagespotential estimates- who are the potential ex-gang members. 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The problem of gangs and their negative impact on the communities they exist in continues to grow and nothing seems to be able to stop this powerful growth. Gangs not only exist in just inner cities anymore, but in townsRead MoreAnalysis Of Melvin Juette And Ronald J. Bergers Wheelchair Warrior1630 Words   |  7 Pagesbook, â€Å"Wheelchair Warrior,† by Melvin Juette and Ronald J. Berger, conveys how a positive mindset, self-efficacy, and support from family and friends are essential when trying to get through difficult times. Juette uses these characteristics as he transforms from being a gang member to being a world-class national athlete. The life story of Juette, contributes to the understanding of sport and society, reveals th e American notion of social differences, and portrays sport in similar ways compared to

What Really Caused The Nullification Crisis Of The South...

During the late 1820s, John C. Calhoun believed that the tariff of 1816 was responsible for the decline of the South Carolina economy. Calhoun believed that if he developed the Theory of Nullification people in his home state would view him differently. The Theory of Nullification is the idea that states (unions) have the rights to void any law that is created by the government that is seen unconstitutional. States are the foundation of the Union, so they have the power to refuse any unconstitutional laws, and really states usually have the final say. What really caused the Nullification Crisis were many series of Protective Tariffs. Protective Tariffs are taxes placed on imported goods that are from foreign countries and their duty is to raise the price of foreign goods, making them less attractive to consumers protecting them from foreign competition such as; The Tariff of 1816 that placed a 20-25 percent tax on foreign goods, The Tariff of 1824 which placed a 35 percent duty tax on imported iron, wool, hemp, and cotton, finally the Tariff of 1828 which is also known as the Tariff of Abominations it was the third protective tariff and increased taxes to almost 50 percent. European factories during 1816 were far more experienced and with that great capability American factories couldn’t compare because their factories were new, and with that major difference in prices America couldn’t compare to the Europeans. The government then decided that they should make the firstShow MoreRelatedWhat Really Caused The Nullification Crisis Of The South Carolina Economy990 Words   |  4 Pagesthe South Carolina economy. Calhoun believed that if he developed the Theory of Nullification people in his home state would view him differently. The Theory of Nullification is the idea that states (unions) have the rights to void any law that is created by the government that is seen unconstitutional. States are the foundation of the Union, so they have the power to refuse any unconstitutional laws, and really states usually have the final say. What really caused the Nullification Crisis wereRead MoreThe American Civil War1654 Words   |  7 Pagestrying to figure out what caused the bloodiest war in American history. What would cause brother to fight against brother? Could it be the Emancipation Proclamation, which was an executive order given by President Lincoln that freed the slaves in the states that had seceded. Was it the election of Abraham Lincoln in November of 1860 trigger the desire to secede from the nation? Or was it the tariffs, such as the tariff of 1816 and the Tariff of Abomination, which caused the South, thought they wereRead MoreAndrew Jackson : The Second President Of The United States Of America1733 Words   |  7 Pages Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States of America, brave, tough, and mean as a snake but how did he get that way? He was born in South Carolina to his newly emigrated family. His father died soon after he was born, so his mother raised three kids by herself and some Irish immigrant farmers. When he was thirteen he and his brothers joined the Revolutionary war to fight the British. His oldest brother died in battle, but Jackson and his other brother were captured. JacksonRead MoreApush Essay -- in What Ways and to What Extent Was Industrial Development from 1800-1860 a Factor in the Relationship Between the Northern and Southern State?1434 Words   |  6 Pagesthe South in hugely different ways. The prominent differences eventually caused an amazing amount of tension between the two regions as they moved in completely separate directions. Mainly, the North and the South differentiated when it came to cultures, economies, and political views. With the dawn of the 19th century, there were three revolutions that completely altered the United States. The Market Revolution was the shift from mercantile system of trading centers to a capitalist economy, basedRead MoreAmerica s Independence Of Independence Essay2128 Words   |  9 Pagesmaking it the first diplomatic alliance in history (pg.246). The war began to move south during Sir William Howe was replaced with Sir Henry Clinton who was ordered to prepare to set an attack on Carolina and Georgia. With the support from loyalist, runaway slaves, and Cherokee the British were able to easily invaded and conquer Georgia along with Savannah. The British army was also able to conquer South Carolina with the help of two British generals Cornwallis and Clinton they were able to surroundRead MorePresidential Outline of Andrew Jackson2515 Words   |  11 Pagesfamous because of the results of the friendship between the US and Native Americans afterwards. I. South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832) – As United States started to become more and more industrialized, they soon passed a highly protective tariff that infuriated the Southern States, South Carolina in particular. They felt that it benefitted the North and destroyed the South. This tariff benefitted American producers of cloth. It also shrunk demand for southern cotton, makingRead MoreHamilton vs. Jefferson: Political Philosophies of the 1800s1120 Words   |  5 Pagesinsurrection.† In Hamilton’s mind, strengthening the central government would ensure freedom for every American citizen by uniting the people to think and speak with a single voice. Hamilton had witnessed firsthand the political and economic confusion caused by states’ conflicting interests and corrupt taxation policies under the Articles of Confederation. He realized that the only way for the Union to survive and prosper was for the Federal government to take control of the country’s political and economicRead MoreThe War Of 18123664 Words   |  15 Pagessocial life. 4.Non-Intercourse Act, Macon’s Bill No.2 Thomas Jefferson replaced the Embargo Act with Non-intercourse Act by forbidding the trade between the US and Britain and France in order to harm the economies of foreign nations as a punishment for impressment. This ended up harming the US economy more because they had less resources for their exports. Macon’s Bill No.2 followed this law and revised the Non-Intercourse Act to further the plan of economic warfare, so if either country took over theRead MoreAn Agitated Presidency : What Really Influenced Andrew Jackson s Notorious Term? Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesAn Agitated Presidency: What Really Influenced Andrew Jackson’s Notorious Term? When one thinks about the tile of First Lady of the United States, images of Jackie Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson, and Michelle Obama begin to materialize. In today’s world, the title can be associated with the President’s wife working eloquently towards the good will of the United States either through social services, community service, and even through getting children active within our schools. Additionally, the FirstRead MoreBiography of President Andrew Jackson Essay2828 Words   |  12 Pageshistorically and while he was the leader of the country. Like many Americans during the time he was born, Andrew Jackson was born to Scottish and Irish immigrant parents on March 15, 1767. It is unclear for certain which, but Jackson was born in one of the Carolinas, which at the time were British colonies. Jackson was raised as a child of the frontier, and likewise received the type of sporadic education that most children got at the time, with formal primary education being y ears away. Jackson would become What Really Caused The Nullification Crisis Of The South... During the late 1820s, John C. Calhoun believed that the tariff of 1816 was responsible for the decline of the South Carolina economy. Calhoun believed that if he developed the Theory of Nullification people in his home state would view him differently. The Theory of Nullification is the idea that states (unions) have the rights to void any law that is created by the government that is seen unconstitutional. States are the foundation of the Union, so they have the power to refuse any unconstitutional laws, and really states usually have the final say. What really caused the Nullification Crisis were many series of Protective Tariffs. Protective Tariffs are taxes placed on imported goods that are from foreign countries and their duty is to raise the price of foreign goods, making them less attractive to consumers protecting them from foreign competition such as; The Tariff of 1816 that placed a 20-25 percent tax on foreign goods, The Tariff of 1824 which placed a 35 percent duty on i mported iron, wool, hemp, and cotton, finally the Tariff of 1828 which is also known as the Tariff of Abominations it was the third protective tariff and increased taxes to almost 50 percent. European factories during 1816 were far more experienced and with that great capability American factories couldn’t compare because their factories were new, and with that major difference in prices America couldn’t compare to the Europeans. The government then decided that they should make the firstShow MoreRelatedWhat Really Caused The Nullification Crisis Of The South Carolina Economy1238 Words   |  5 Pagesthe South Carolina economy. Calhoun believed that if he developed the Theory of Nullification people in his home state would view him differently. The Theory of Nullification is the idea that states (unions) have the rights to void any law that is created by the government that is seen unconstitutional. States are the foundation of the Union, so they have the power to re fuse any unconstitutional laws, and really states usually have the final say. What really caused the Nullification Crisis wereRead MoreThe American Civil War1654 Words   |  7 Pagestrying to figure out what caused the bloodiest war in American history. What would cause brother to fight against brother? Could it be the Emancipation Proclamation, which was an executive order given by President Lincoln that freed the slaves in the states that had seceded. Was it the election of Abraham Lincoln in November of 1860 trigger the desire to secede from the nation? Or was it the tariffs, such as the tariff of 1816 and the Tariff of Abomination, which caused the South, thought they wereRead MoreAndrew Jackson : The Second President Of The United States Of America1733 Words   |  7 Pages Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States of America, brave, tough, and mean as a snake but how did he get that way? He was born in South Carolina to his newly emigrated family. His father died soon after he was born, so his mother raised three kids by herself and some Irish immigrant farmers. When he was thirteen he and his brothers joined the Revolutionary war to fight the British. His oldest brother died in battle, but Jackson and his other brother were captured. JacksonRead MoreApush Essay -- in What Ways and to What Extent Was Industrial Development from 1800-1860 a Factor in the Relationship Between the Northern and Southern State?1434 Words   |  6 Pagesthe South in hugely different ways. The prominent differences eventually caused an amazing amount of tension between the two regions as they moved in completely separate directions. Mainly, the North and the South differentiated when it came to cultures, economies, and political views. With the dawn of the 19th century, there were three revolutions that completely altered the United States. The Market Revolution was the shift from mercantile system of trading centers to a capitalist economy, basedRead MoreAmerica s Independence Of Independence Essay2128 Words   |  9 Pagesmaking it the first diplomatic alliance in history (pg.246). The war began to move south during Sir William Howe was replaced with Sir Henry Clinton who was ordered to prepare to set an attack on Carolina and Georgia. With the support from loyalist, runaway slaves, and Cherokee the British were able to easily invaded and conquer Georgia along with Savannah. The British army was also able to conquer South Carolina with the help of two British generals Cornwallis and Clinton they were able to surroundRead MorePresidential Outline of Andrew Jackson2515 Words   |  11 Pagesfamous because of the results of the friendship between the US and Native Americans afterwards. I. South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification (1832) – As United States started to become more and more industrialized, they soon passed a highly protective tariff that infuriated the Southern States, South Carolina in particular. They felt that it benefitted the North and destroyed the South. This tariff benefitted American producers of cloth. It also shrunk demand for southern cotton, makingRead MoreHamilton vs. Jefferson: Political Philosophies of the 1800s1120 Words   |  5 Pagesinsurrection.† In Hamilton’s mind, strengthening the central government would ensure freedom for every American citizen by uniting the people to think and speak with a single voice. Hamilton had witnessed firsthand the political and economic confusion caused by states’ conflicting interests and corrupt taxation policies under the Articles of Confederation. He realized that the only way for the Union to survive and prosper was for the Federal government to take control of the country’s political and economicRead MoreThe War Of 18123664 Words   |  15 Pagessocial life. 4.Non-Intercourse Act, Macon’s Bill No.2 Thomas Jefferson replaced the Embargo Act with Non-intercourse Act by forbidding the trade between the US and Britain and France in order to harm the economies of foreign nations as a punishment for impressment. This ended up harming the US economy more because they had less resources for their exports. Macon’s Bill No.2 followed this law and revised the Non-Intercourse Act to further the plan of economic warfare, so if either country took over theRead MoreAn Agitated Presidency : What Really Influenced Andrew Jackson s Notorious Term? Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesAn Agitated Presidency: What Really Influenced Andrew Jackson’s Notorious Term? When one thinks about the tile of First Lady of the United States, images of Jackie Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson, and Michelle Obama begin to materialize. In today’s world, the title can be associated with the President’s wife working eloquently towards the good will of the United States either through social services, community service, and even through getting children active within our schools. Additionally, the FirstRead MoreBiography of President Andrew Jackson Essay2828 Words   |  12 Pageshistorically and while he was the leader of the country. Like many Americans during the time he was born, Andrew Jackson was born to Scottish and Irish immigrant parents on March 15, 1767. It is unclear for certain which, but Jackson was born in one of the Carolinas, which at the time were British colonies. Jackson was raised as a child of the frontier, and likewise received the type of sporadic education that most children got at the time, with formal primary education being y ears away. Jackson would become

Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry Free Essays

string(31) " can discover from his poetry\." Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry The influence of Christianity came to England from Ireland with the arrival of St. Augustine’mission. The ancient vernacular poetry unredeemed in its worldliness and paganism was sanctified by the Christianization of England. We will write a custom essay sample on Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry or any similar topic only for you Order Now In consequence there was a marked change in the content and emotion of English poetry while leaving it form and general technique unaltered. Instead of seeking themes common to old-Germanic the Christianized Anglo-Saxons adopted a new world of Latin Christianity along with themes and attitudes common to entire Christian world. This enabled the Anglo-Saxon poets to work on Biblical stories, associating them with Hebrew imagination. The special class of poetry which is called Christian poetry and this religious poetry flourished in about the 8th century in North England. Alliterative verse came to the aid of clerkly Latin to give expression of the faith of the Laity and make it popular. The subject of the poet’s song is now the story of Christ and the deeds of saintly heroes. Caedmon The English poet who took the first attempt to write poems on Christian themes was Caedmon. What scholars know of Caedmon’s life comes from Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People. He is known best during the time fl. 658-680 AD. , and Bede tells us that he was an illiterate herdsman to a monastery of Whitby who one night in a dream learned how to sing beautiful Christian verses praising God’s name. Following his dream, Caedmon became the foremost Christian poets. Earlier he had so little gift of song that he used to leave the feast when he found the harp approaching him he used to leave the feast. One night as he lay asleep in the stable a mysterious being appeared to him in his dreams and commanded him to sing. At his bidding Caedmon at once sang in praise of the Lord, the Creator, verses which he had never heard before. When he awoke he remembered these verses and made others like them. Thus the unlettered Caedmon was miraculously transformed into the first religious poet of England. Caedmon is remembered today for his poetic paraphrases of The Bible. He paraphrased in verse the book of Geneis, Exodus, Daniel and Judith. He is supposed to have sung about  creation of the world, the origin of man, his reign, of exodus, the incarnation, the crucifixion, the resurrection of Christ, the ascension of Christ into heaven, the advent of the Holy Ghost and the teaching of the apostles. He also sang of future judgement, the horrors of hell and the joys of heaven. Research and scholarship however, no longer admit all the poems attributed to Caedmon by Bede to be directly his work excepting the nine-lined poem quoted by Bede in his account of Caedmon’s first inspiration. Genesis A and B The most interesting of the poems in the Junius Manuscript is Genesis. Genesis A of 3000 lines is an account of Satan’s rebellion against God and his fall with the angels into Hell, narrating the substance of the first 22 chapters of the Biblical book of Genesis. The poem contains an interpolated passage of 600 lines strikingly different in language and style from the main body of the poem. This has been named Genesis B, a rudimentary Paradise Lost, describing the temptation of Adam and Eve, their Fall and Satan’s rebellion Exodus It relates to the escape of the Israelites and the destruction of the Egyptians in the Red Sea. It is boldly and vigorously written and has an older Epic note. It is written more in the convention of heroic poetry rather than scriptural lore. Exodus brings a traditional â€Å"heroic style† to its biblical subject-matter. Moses is treated as a general, and military imagery pervades the battle scenes. The destruction of the Egyptians in the Red Sea is narrated in much the same way as a formulaic battle scene from other Old English poems Daniel Daniel, as it is preserved, is 764 lines long. There have been numerous arguments that there was originally more to this poem than survives today. It is a paraphrase of the first five chapters of the Biblical book of Daniel. The poet uses his materials for homiletic purposes and tries to inculcate such Christian virtue. The primary focus of the Old English author was that of The Three Youths, Daniel and their encounters with the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II. Prosaic in tone, it also bears an interpolatory passage relating to the poem of Azariah. Judith The finest of the poem attributed to Caedmon is Judith of which a fragment of 350 lines, survive. It is a perfect poem full of action and passion. The Old English poem â€Å"Judith† describes the beheading of Assyrian general Holofernes by Israelite Judith of Bethulia. It is found in the same manuscript as the heroic poem Beowulf, the Nowell Codex, dated ca. 975-1025. The Old English poem is one of many retellings of the Holofernes-Judith tale as it was found in the Book of Judith, still present in the Catholic and Orthodox Christian Bibles. What is certain about the origin of the poem is that it stems from the Book of Judith. After the Reformation, the Book of Judith was removed from the Protestant Bible. However, it is still present in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles. Similar to Beowulf, Judith conveys a moral tale of heroic triumph over monstrous beings. Both moral and political, the poem tells of a brave woman’s efforts to save and protect her people. Judith is depicted as an exemplar woman, grounded by ideal morale, probity, courage, and religious conviction. Judith’s character is rendered blameless and virtuous, and her beauty is praised persistently throughout the poem. Cynaewulf Beside Caedmon, the other most important Old-English religious poet is Cynaewulf. Cynewulf lived roughly c.770-840 AD, yet very little is known about his life. The only information scholars have on Cynewulf’s life is what they can discover from his poetry. You read "Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry" in category "Papers" Two of Cynewulf’s signed poems were discovered in the Vercelli Book, which includes Cynewulf’s holy cross poem â€Å"Elene† as well as Dream of the Rood. Where many scholars will argue that all of the poems in the Vercelli are in fact Cynewulf’s, the noted German scholar Franz Dietrich demonstrates that the similarities between Cynewulf’s â€Å"Elene† and The Dream of the Rood reveals that the two must have been authored by the same individual. The four poems attributed to him trough his runic signatures are Christ. Juliana, Elene and The Fate of the Apostles. Unsigned poems attributed to him or his school are Andreas, St. Guthlac, The Phoenix, The Dream of the Rood. The four poems, like a substantial portion of Anglo-Saxon poetry, are sculpted in alliterative verse. All four poems draw upon Latin sources such as homilies and hagiographies (the lives of saints) for their content, and this is to be particularly contrasted to other Old English poems, e. g. Genesis, Exodus, and Daniel, which are drawn directly from the Bible as opposed to secondary accounts. Christ Of all his works the most important and popular poem is Christ, a fragmentary didactic poem in three parts – the first celebrating the Nativity, the second Ascension and the third Doomsday, narrating the torments of the wicked and the joys of the redeemed. Andreas and Guthlac These are poems related to lives of Saints. The first narrates the story of the adventures and sufferings and success of St. Andreas in his travels related to missionary work. Juliana and Elene These are legendary stories of St. Juliana and the discovery of the True Cross by the mother of Emperor Constantine, St. Helena. They are poems with little artistic merit except for their adventurous element and the rareness in Anglo-Saxon poetry of being dedicated to women. In terms of length, Elene is by far the longest poem of Cynewulf’s corpus at 1,321 lines. It is followed by Juliana, at 731 lines, Christ II, at 427 lines, and The Fates of the Apostles, at a brisk 122 lines. Three of the poems are â€Å"martyrolical,† in that the central character(s) in each die/suffer for their religious values. In Elene, Saint Helena endures her quest to find the Holy Cross and spread Christianity; in Juliana, the title character dies after she refuses to marry a pagan man, thus retaining her Christian integrity; in Fates of the Apostles, the speaker creates a song that meditates on the deaths of the apostles which they â€Å"joyously faced. † Elene and Juliana fit in the category of poems that depict the lives of saints. These two poems along with Andreas and Guthlac (parts A and B) constitute the only versified saints’ legends in the Old English vernacular. The Ascension (Christ II) is outside the umbrella of the other three works, and is a vehement description of a devotional subject. The exact chronology of the poems is not known. One argument asserts that Elene is likely the last of the poems because the â€Å"autobiographical† epilogue implies that Cynewulf is old at the time of composition, but this view has been doubted. Nevertheless, it seems that Christ II and Elene represent the cusp of Cynewulf’s career, while Juliana and Fates of the Apostles seem to be created by a less inspired, and perhaps less mature, poet. The Fates of the Apostles It deals with the various Christian Gospels in an Elegiac manner. It is the shortest of Cynewulf’s known canon at 122 lines long. It is a brief martyrology of the Twelve Apostles written in the standard alliterative verse. The Fates recites the key events that subsequently befell each apostle after the Ascension. It is possible that The Fates was composed as a learning aid to the monasteries. Cynewulf speaks in the first-person throughout the poem, and besides explaining the fate of each disciple, he provides â€Å"advice† and â€Å"consolation† to the reader. Cynewulf’s runic signature is scrambled in this poem so that the meaning of the runes become a riddle with no unequivocal meaning. Runic signature All four of Cynewulf’s poems contain passages where the letters of the poet’s name are woven into the text using runic symbols that also double as meaningful ideas pertinent to the text. In Juliana and Elene, the interwoven name is spelled in the more recognizable form as Cynewulf, while in Fates and Christ II it is observed without the medial e so the runic acrostic says Cynwulf. The practice of claiming authorship over one’s poems was a break from the tradition of the anonymous poet, where no composition was viewed as being owned by its creator. Cynewulf devised a tradition where authorship would connote ownership of the piece and an originality that would be respected by future generations. Furthermore, by integrating his name, Cynewulf was attempting to retain the structure and form of his poetry that would â€Å"undergo mutations† otherwise. From a different perspective, Cynewulf’s intent may not have been to claim authorship, but to â€Å"seek the prayers of others for the safety of his soul.† It is contended that Cynewulf wished to be remembered in the prayers of his audience in return for the pleasure they would derive from his poems. In a sense his expectation of a spiritual reward can be contrasted with the material reward that other poets of his time would have expected for their craft. The Phoenix The poem is about a mythical bird which burnt itself to be reborn from its own ashes, symbolic of Christian soul. The Dream of the Rood The poem is set up with the narrator having a dream. In this dream or vision he is speaking to the Cross on which Jesus was crucified. The poem itself is divided up into three separate sections. In section one, the narrator has a vision of the Cross. Initially when the dreamer sees the Cross, he notes how it is covered with gems. He is aware of how wretched he is compared to how glorious the tree is. However, he comes to see that amidst the beautiful stones it is stained with blood In section two, the Cross shares its account of Jesus’ death. The Crucifixion story is told from the perspective of the Cross. It begins with the enemy coming to cut the tree down and carrying it away. The tree learns that it is to be the bearer of a criminal, but instead the Christ comes to be crucified. The Lord and the Cross become one, and they stand together as victors, refusing to fall, taking on insurmountable pain for the sake of mankind. It is not just Christ, but the Cross as well that is pierced with nails. The Rood and Christ are one in the portrayal of the Passion—they are both pierced with nails, mocked and tortured. Then, just like with Christ, the Cross is resurrected, and adorned with gold and silver. It is honored above all trees just as Jesus is honored above all men. The Cross then charges the visionary to share all that he has seen with others. In section three, the author gives his reflections about this vision. The vision ends, and the man is left with his thoughts. He gives praise to God for what he has seen and is filled with hope for eternal life and his desire to once again be near the glorious Cross. It is the finest of religious poems in OE, the finest narrative of the Passion in medieval verse (late 7th century, later modified; preserved in the Vercelli Book). The tree of which the Cross was made relates the story the first English dream-poem How to cite Anglo-Saxon Religious Poetry, Papers

Encounters and Transformations Volume free essay sample

Objective: What is the link between food-producing revolution of the Neolithic era and the emergence of civilization? (The shift from hunting and gathering to farming and herding because it changed the way humans organized society. ) Neolithic Age: The New Stone Age (10,000-3,000 B. C. ), characterized by the development of agriculture and the use of stone tools. How do shifts in food production impact other cultural changes in a society? (It shifts the way human societies are organized. ) The Fertile Crescent was home to the world’s first farming communities. The shift from hunting and gathering to farming and herding brought a corresponding shift in human social organization. As a result of this Neolithic Revolution, the world’s first civilizations developed. Mesopotamia: Land between the Tigris Euphrates Rivers. Shifts humans from being nomadic and following migratory patterns to more stable and permanent habits. They constructed buildings of Religious and State establishments. We will write a custom essay sample on Encounters and Transformations Volume or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The act of domestication creates roles for humans (Jobs! ). Domesticating animals means humans no longer follow them, and instead use them as a function of economics (barter, labor, etc.) What gave rise to the first writing system? (The need to record information, such as business and government transactions of present and past events. ) Cuneiform: The style of writing that involved using clay tabled and reeds. Cuneiform developed first as a pictorial writing system. The earliest written records track business and tax transactions. Cuneiform was used for three thousand years, dying out in the Second Century, B. C. Cuneiform was deciphered with the aid of the Behistun inscriptions. Shifts from pictorial writing system to abstract alphabet. Checklist for Civilization: Cities Warfare Writing Social Hierarchies Advanced Arts Crafts Culture: The knowledge and adaptive behavior created by communities that help them to mediate between themselves and the natural world through time. Civilization: The term used by archaeologists to describe a society differentiated by levels of wealth and power, and in which military, religious, economic, and political control are based in cities. Early Europeans did not develop to meet the civilization checklist: Cities Warfare Social Hierarchies Writing Arts and Crafts Developed Civilizations included India, China, Central Asia, and Peru. Western Civilization developed out of Egypt and Southwest Asia. Homo sapiens sapiens: â€Å"most intelligent people†; applied to physically and intellectually modern human beings that first appeared in Africa 200,000-100,000 years ago. Southwest Asia: First food producing communities Levantine Corridor (Fertile Crescent) Zagros Mountains in Mesopotamia Anatolia (Turkey) Levantine Corridor: 25 mile strip that runs from the Jordan River Valley (modern Israel and Palestine) to Euphrates River Valley (Iraq). Levant: Eastern Mediterranean coastal region. â€Å"The Rising Sun† (French); Territory to the east, where the sun rises. Division of labor along gender lines indicates a growing complexity of social relations within the community. Fertility Death are the main concerns of ancient societies. Catal Huyuk: Anatolian town, 6,000 people. Wealthy community that relied heavily on trade in obsidian, a volcanic stone that would be used to make sharp-edged tools. The ritual of burying the dead with jewels signified a distinction between the rich and the poor. Early Europeans farmed range of crops and herded domesticated animals. They lived in clusters of permanent family farmsteads. Technology Shifts: Metallurgy (Art using fire to shape metal) The Plow Long distant networks evolved and provided basis for meeting and blending of different groups of peoples and different cultural assumptions and ideas. Technology and Wealth caused divisions between the rich and poor. Megalith: Communicable tombs with huge stones (such as Stonehenge in England). Three Possible Uses for Megaliths: Measure movement of stars. Place for religious ceremonies. Devoted to healing ceremonies.